During 2014, 120,000 persons in the United States and Puerto Rico began treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (i.e., kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation) (1). Among these persons, 44% (approximately 53,000 persons) had diabetes listed as the primary cause of ESRD (ESRD-D) (1). Although the number of persons initiating ESRD-D treatment each year has increased since 1980 (...

This paper briefly reviews the applicability of casebased reasoning (CBR) to code understanding and generation. The paper suggests that case-based techniques are already common in code understanding and generation but are seldom labelled as CBR. Some examples of ‘explicit’ and ‘covert’ CBR are briefly examined. It is suggested that extending the existing code understanding and generation method...

In plants, the arrangement of organs along the stem (phyllotaxy) follows a predictable pattern. Recent studies have shown that primordium position at the meristem is governed by local auxin gradients, but little is known about the subsequent events leading to the phyllotaxy along the mature stem. We show here that plants expressing a miR164-resistant CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON2 (CUC2) gene have an ab...

SUMMARY General anaesthesia is the fastest method for anaesthetising a category-1 caesarean section but is associated with increased maternal morbidity and mortality. We describe the 'rapid sequence spinal' to minimise anaesthetic time. This consists of a no-touch spinal technique, consideration of omission of the spinal opioid, limiting spinal attempts, allowing the start of surgery before ful...

BACKGROUND Individual patient information from clinical trials is infrequently available, but can provide insights for clinical trials and practice. METHODS We analysed individual patient information from five randomized trials (913 patients) of i.v. patient-controlled analgesia (IVPCA) plus epidural placebo, morphine sulphate (MS) 5 mg, or extended-release epidural morphine (EREM; DepoDur) a...

The cases are reported of three off road cyclists with isolated soft tissue injuries to the right lower leg, caused by the chain ring as they struggled to release their feet from clipless pedals. Correct adjustment of the pedals to facilitate quick release of the feet is required to prevent such injuries.

BACKGROUND Chronic pain after surgery occurs in 10-40% of individuals, including 5-20% of women after cesarean delivery in previous reports. Pain and depression 2 months after childbirth are independently associated with more severe acute post-delivery pain. Here we examine other predictors of pain at 2 months and determine the incidence of pain at 6 and 12 months after childbirth. METHODS Fo...

The brain has an essential role in maintaining a balance between energy intake and expenditure of the body. Deciphering the processes underlying the decision-making for timely feeding of appropriate amounts may improve our understanding of physiological and psychological disorders related to feeding control. Here, we identify a group of appetite-enhancing neurons in a behavioural screen for fli...

Legislators and their scientific beneficiaries express growing concerns that the fruits of their investment in health research are not reaching the public, policy makers, and practitioners with evidence-based practices. Practitioners and the public lament the lack of relevance and fit of evidence that reaches them and barriers to their implementation of it. Much has been written about this gap ...

Persons with advanced dementia often have pain that is underrecognized and undertreated primarily because they cannot clearly communicate their needs. Consequently, they receive fewer analgesics than cognitively intact persons with the same conditions. Several assessment methods have been developed in the past decade, yet pain assessment and management problems persist in all care settings. The...