Many modern machine learning algorithms mitigate bias by enforcing fairness constraints across coarsely-defined groups related to a sensitive attribute like gender or race. However, these seldom account for within-group heterogeneity and biases that may disproportionately affect some members of group. In this work, we characterize Social Norm Bias (SNoB), subtle but consequential type algorithm...

Abstract There is growing evidence to support the claim that we react differently robots than do other objects. In particular, with which have some form of social interaction. this paper I critically assess that, due our tendency become emotionally attached robots, permitting their harm may be damaging for society and as such should consider introducing legislation grant rights protect them fro...

The popularity of third-party apps on social network sites and mobile networks emphasizes the problem of the interdependency of privacy. It is caused by users installing apps that often collect and potentially misuse the personal information of users’ friends who are typically not involved in the decision-making process. In this paper, we provide an economic model and simulation results address...

Social media platforms like Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter have become major objects of criticism for reasons such as privacy violations, anticompetitive practices, interference in public elections. Some these problems been associated with algorithms, but the roles that algorithms play emergence different harms not yet systematically explored. This article contributes to closing this research g...

Nutt and colleagues' 'rational' scale to assess the harms of commonly used drugs was based on ratings by a panel of experts. This survey aimed to assess drug users' views of the harms of drugs using the same scale. As users' drug choices are not solely based on harms, we additionally assessed perceived benefits. The survey was hosted at http://www.nationaldrugsurvey.org. UK residents reported t...

The March 2011 Anti-Substance Summit in Durban continued the outdated approach to policy around illicit drugs in South Africa. It missed opportunities for discussing how to impact significantly on the health and social harms associated with problematic drug use and reduce the burden of drug-related cases in the criminal justice system. The government needs to move away from the political rhetor...

Three studies show that different forms of self-activation have differential influences on the processing of social comparison information. Activating neutral self-conceptions results in defensive processing of threatening social comparison information (Study 1). Participants maintain favorable self-evaluations in the face of upward comparison and rate the upward target of comparison negatively...