a Average Daily Biting rate 0.164 [15] b Fraction of actually infective bites 0.088 Fitted to data mH Humans Natural Mortality rate 3.5r10x5 days x1 [16] rH Birth rate of humans 8 days x1 [16] kH Humans Carrying Capacity 16r10 [16] aH Dengue Mortality in Humans 10 x3 days x1 [17] cH Humans recovery rate 0.143 days x1 [17] pS Susceptible eggs hatching rate 0.15 days x1 [18] d1 Winter modulation ...

A female's reproductive output (size and number of o¡spring) may say little about her reproductive success; the `quality' of her progeny and the time that they are produced may be more important in this respect. We marked and released 1224 hatchling water pythons (Liasis fuscus) from 116 clutches of laboratory-incubated eggs, in a study site in tropical Australia. Clutches varied widely in the ...

Varying levels (10 to 10/egg) of Salmonella Typhimurium were inoculated onto fertile hatching eggs by immersion. After this, the inoculated eggs were untreated (control), water treated, hydrogen peroxide (1.5%) treated, or Timsen treated (n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride as a commercial bactericide-fungicide). Hydrogen peroxide was superior to Timsen as an egg treatment to eliminate ar...

We studied the onset of incubation in the Green-rumped Parrotlet (Forpus passerinus), a cavity-nesting species with female-only incubation starting on the first egg and asynchronous hatching. We quantified how the onset of incubation varied among individual females, with stage of egg-laying and by ultimate clutch size. We then examined whether this variation affected the incubation period and h...

The objective of this study was the development of hatching protocols in controlled conditions to obtain juveniles, in order to restock and increase the resource of Sepia officinalis. The study was divided into the following phases: development and application of artificial surfaces at specific sites of the Molise coast in Italy; induction of eggs hatching and juveniles maintenance under contro...

Females may favour some offspring over others by differential deposition of yolk hormones. In American kestrels (Falco sparverius), we found that yolks of eggs laid late in the sequence of a clutch had more testosterone (T) and androstenedione (A4) than yolks of first-laid eggs. To investigate the effects of these yolk androgens on nestling 'fitness', we injected both T and A4 into the yolks of...

The insect growth regulator novaluron (Rimon 10 EC, Makhteshim-Agan Ltd, Israel) is used against many field pests on corn, vegetables, orchards, forests, and cotton plantations. Previously, we studied various effects of novaluron on stored grain pests. Termination in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) eggs hatching after treating adults with novaluron and following restoration after adult transfer to...

OBJECTIVE To entomologically monitor Aedes spp. and correlate the presence of these vectors with the recent epidemic of dengue in Divinopolis, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. METHODS Ovitraps were installed at 44 points in the city, covering six urban areas, from May 2011 to May 2012. After collection, the eggs were incubated until hatching. In the 4th stage of development, the larvae were classi...

Evolutionary origins of viviparity among the squamate reptiles are strongly associated with cold climates, and cold environmental temperatures are thought to be an important selective force behind the transition from egg-laying to live-bearing. In particular, the low nest temperatures associated with cold climate habitats are thought to be detrimental to the developing embryos or hatchlings of ...

Temperature influenced the developmental rate and survival of embryos of Pelophylax nigromaculata. The total incubation period decreased from 254.07hrs at 18.20 ± 0.49°C and 162.80hrs at 20.87 ± 0.57°C in two experiments. The proportion of normal embryos and survival of eggs until hatching were higher (85.2%) when the eggs were incubated at 20.87 ± 0.57°C. However, death of eggs until hatching ...