Here we report on a large brachyuran crab species from the Late Cretaceous of Mexico that has claws indicative of highly specialized shell-breaking behaviour. This crab possessed dimorphic claws (the right larger than the left), armed with several broad teeth, including a curved tooth structure found at the base of the movable finger of the right claw. The curved tooth is similar to the one obs...

The evolutionary origins of lingulid brachiopods and their calcium phosphate shells have been obscure. Here we decode the 425-Mb genome of Lingula anatina to gain insights into brachiopod evolution. Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses place Lingula close to molluscs, but distant from annelids. The Lingula gene number has increased to ∼34,000 by extensive expansion of gene families. Although Lin...

The nature of the Vela X-ray ”jet”, recently discovered by Markwardt & Ögelman (1995), is examined. It is suggested that the ”jet” arises along the interface of domelike deformations of the Rayleigh-Taylor unstable shell of the Vela supernova remnant; thereby the ”jet” is interpreted as a part of the general shell of the remnant. The origin of deformations as well as the general structure of th...

The hard-shell capsule is a commonly used dosage form, and it has been estimated that approximately 60 billion capsule shells are used annually for pharmaceutical products (Podczeck, 2004). The product essentially consists of a hard shell, usually gelatin based, that is almost always filled with a particulate solid. Among the advantages claimed for the hard-shell capsule compared with tablets a...

The one-loop QCD heavy quark potential is computed to order v2 in the color singlet and octet channels. Several errors in the previous literature are corrected. To be consistent with the velocity power counting, the full dependence on |p + p′|/|p′ − p| is kept. The matching conditions for the NRQCD one-loop potential are computed by comparing the QCD calculation with that in the effective theor...

Core-shell nanoparticles attract continuously growing interest due to their numerous applications, which are driven by the possibility of tuning their functionalities by adjusting structural and morphological parameters. However, despite the critical role interdiffused interfaces may have in the properties, these are usually only estimated in indirect ways. Here we directly evidence the existen...

PURPOSE We analyzed differences in urinary stone composition according to body mass index (BMI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Between January 2007 and December 2010, 505 ureteral or renal stones were collected from 505 patients who underwent surgical intervention. Data on patient age, gender, BMI, urinary pH, and stone composition were collected. RESULTS The patients' mean age was 49.2 years (rang...

What is CNSL? Cashew nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) is a reddish brown viscous liquid, having the honeycomb structure of the shell of cashew nut obtained from cashew tree. Botanical name of Cashew: Anacardium occidentale L CAS number: 8007-24-7 Area of growth of Cashew tree Coastal areas of Asia and Africa. Mozambique, India, Vietnam and Brazil Specification of Cashew nut shell The shell is about 0.3 ...

The pion exchange between nucleons generates a strong tensor interaction, which provides large attractive contribution for the binding energy of nucleus. This non-central tensor interaction is difficult to handle in the shell model framework, which hinders full understanding of nuclear structure. We develop the tensor optimized shell model (TOSM) for the strong tensor interaction and now we are...