AIM To assess the objective orthodontic treatment needs of patients treated in an accredited Orthodontic Clinic in North America using a retrospective cross sectional study and the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). METHODS AND MATERIALS One hundred pre- and post-treatment study models were randomly selected from the model storage facility of the clinic. Only the pre-treatment study models were as...

1. In long-lived species, such as seabirds, the allocation of resources between selfmaintenance and reproduction is of particular interest because only a small reduction in adult survival may have a large negative effect on lifetime reproductive success. There is much debate about whether seabirds have a fixed or flexible level of investment in their current reproduction, and it has been propos...