We examine whether there are differences between students regarding the utility of learning from visual representations (illustrations or graphs) within the context of a typed natural language-based conceptual physics tutoring system. Showing half of the students only illustrations and the other half only graphs, we found that novices benefited from illustrations, whereas non-novices showed no ...

Programming is notoriously hard for novices to learn and a substantial number of learners fail in introduction to programming courses. It is not just a UK problem: a number of multi-institutional and multi-national studies reveal that the problem is well-known and is widespread. There is no general agreement about the causes or the remedies. The major factors which can be hypothesised as a caus...

Bayesian Reasoning is both a fundamental idea of probability and key model in applied sciences for evaluating situations uncertainty. may be defined as the dealing with, understanding of, situations. This includes various aspects such calculating conditional (performance), assessing effects changes to parameters formula on result (covariation) adequately interpreting explaining results (communi...

There is a critical inconsistency in the literature on analogical retrieval. On one hand, vast set of laboratory studies has found that people often fail to retrieve past experiences share deep relational commonalities, even when they would be useful for reasoning about current problem. other historical and naturalistic research show clear evidence remindings based commonalities. Here, we exami...

BACKGROUND We studied a score for assessing basic transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) skills exhibited by residents who examined critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation. METHODS We conducted a prospective study in the 16 residents who worked in our medical-surgical ICU between 1 May 2008 and 1 November 2009. The residents received theoretical teaching (two hours) then perfor...