Transmembrane bacterial chemoreceptors are extended, rod-shaped homodimers with ligand-binding sites at one end and interaction sites for signaling complex formation and histidine kinase control at the other. There are atomic-resolution structures of chemoreceptor fragments but not of intact, membrane-inserted receptors. Electron tomography of in vivo signaling complex arrays lack distinct dens...

We report two cases of multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) whose serum hepcidin levels were rapidly down-regulated by administration of tocilizumab, an anti- interleukin 6 (IL-6) receptor antibody. Our results indicate that IL-6-induced hepcidin over-production may be involved in the pathophysiology of microcytic anemia commonly observed in this disease.

Many microorganisms, plants and animals control their movements in response to light. The simplest motility response to light, bacterial phototaxis, was described more than a century ago (Engelmann, 1883). Although bacterial taxis is now the best-understood simple sensory system, no phototaxis receptors in bacteria have been described yet. More complex organisms are better studied in this respe...

As our understanding of iron metabolism improves through the more accurate description of iron metabolism actors, new causes of iron overload are identified. We, here, report 16 cases of hereditary hypotransferrinemia related to 4 previously undescribed TF (transferrin) mutations (p.Val221Gly, p.Arg609Trp, p.Glu370Lys, p.Tyr533X and p.Cys421Arg). We show that, besides increasing serum transferr...

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an inherited iron overload disorder characterized by normal iron-driven erythropoiesis and abnormal iron metabolism, leading to excess iron deposited in parenchymal cells of liver, heart, and endocrine glands. Iron hormone, hepcidin, plays a critical role in iron homeostasis through interaction with ferroportin (FPN), a major cellular iron exporter. Hepcidin i...

Verbal word formation processes involving prefixes and particles are highly productive in Germanic languages. The compositional semantics of such prefix and particle verbs requires an in-depth analysis of the interdependence of their constituent parts for adequately representing these types of complex verbs in lexical-semantic networks. The present paper introduces modeling principles that acco...

Both of us were drawn into the writing assessment field initially through our lived experiences as schoolteachers. We worked in radically different contexts – Martin was head a languages department and teacher French German late 1990s UK, David Grade 12 Academic English Alberta, Canada, at turn twenty-first century. In both these contexts, traditional direct test referred to, for example, ‘time...