Influenza B is responsible for a significant proportion of the global morbidity, mortality and economic loss caused by influenza-related disease. Two antigenically distinct lineages co-circulate worldwide, often resulting in mismatches vaccine coverage when predictions fail. There are currently operational issues with gold standard serological assays influenza B, such as lack sensitivity requir...

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD) is a contagious, fatal viral disease that affects the beak, feathers, and immune system of wild and captive old and New World Psittacine. PBFD is characterized by feather abnormalities, beak and claw deformities and eventually dying as a result of immunosuppressant. The disease is caused by member of the genus circovirus in the family Circoviridae. The...

Influenza A virus is always concerned as an infectious agent in birds and other mammalian such as humans. Although it is believed that barriers among various species restrict the transmission of influenza viruses, there are evidences implying that origin of all human influenza viruses is derived from avian influenza viruses. To determine the prevalence of human H1 and H3 viruses in the captive ...

Sulfolipopolysaccharides (SLPs) were synthesized by reaction of the synthetic polysucrose polymer Ficoll-400 with chlorosulfonic acid and lauroyl chloride in anhydrous medium. Hydrophobic derivatives were obtained by addition of a small number of sulfate and a large number of lipid groups. Gel-permeation high-performance liquid chromatography (g.p.-h.p.l.c.) exhibited a wide range in molecular ...

To elucidate inconsistencies in rubella haemagglutinin assays the components of the assay technique were examined. The results of carefully controlled assays of rubella haemagglutinin antigens from different sources in various plates and diluents with four species of indicator cells are reported. The quality and quantity of gelatin in the dextrose-gelatin-veronal buffered diluent commonly used ...

A modification of the rubella haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test in which both pretreatment and serum titration are carried out in wells of the same microtitre plate saves time, labour, and materials and gives results comparable to a conventional HAI procedure.

The non-immunoglobulin component of human milk responsible for the inhibition of Escherichia coli cell adhesion (haemagglutination) mediated by colonisation factor antigen 1 (CFA1) was determined by chromatographic fractionation of human whey proteins with Sephadex G-200, DEAE cellulose and heparin-sepharose. Pure free secretory component (fSC) and pure lactoferrin (Lf) were isolated and both c...