Camelidae possess an unusual form of antibodies lacking the light chains. The variable domain of these heavy chain antibodies (V(HH)) is not paired, while the V(H) domain of all other antibodies forms a heterodimer with the variable domain of the light chain (V(L)), held together by a hydrophobic interface. Here, we analyzed the biophysical properties of four camelid V(HH) fragments (H14, AMD9,...

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness, is characterized by the death of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), which is a monolayer posterior to the retina that supports the photoreceptors. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can generate an unlimited source of RPE for cellular therapies, and clinical trials have been initiated. However, protocols for RPE derivati...

AIM The purpose of this study was to characterize phenotypically and genotypically the serotypes of the E. coli O111 associated with diarrheal disease and assess the variation among serotypes in terms of specific virulence factors and HeLa cells adherence patterns. BACKGROUND Escherichia coli O111 serogroups are prevalent in endemic or sporadic cases of diarrhea, especially in developing area...

A total of 119 Bacillus thuringiensis strains (83 type strains and 26 native isolates), as well as five B. cereus group species, were analyzed by repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based PCR analysis (Rep-PCR) fingerprinting. Primers Bc-REP-1 and Bc-REP-2 were specifically designed according to an extragenic 26-bp repeated sequence found in the six B. cereus group genomes reported. A to...

Primary human hepatocytes are commonly used to evaluate liver drug metabolism and toxicity. Pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocytes (SCDHs) have the potential to overcome access and function-related limitations associated with primary hepatocytes. SCDHs may also provide an improved system for evaluating genotypephenotype relationships, e.g. cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene polymorphisms and their i...

Similar to ruminants, swine have been shown to be a reservoir for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and pork products have been linked with outbreaks associated with STEC O157 and O111:H-. STEC strains, isolated in a previous study from fecal samples of late-finisher pigs, belonged to a total of 56 serotypes, including O15:H27, O91:H14, and other serogroups previously associated wi...

Platelet aggregation has the potential to form thrombi and result in cardiovascular system diseases such as myocardial infarction ischemic stroke - one of leading causes death globally. Traditionally, people use binahong leaves blood thinners. Therefore, this study aims obtain scientific data on efficacy leaf antithrombotic. The test was carried out male Swiss-Webster mice. results showed that ...