Quantum yields for photochemical ring opening of six alkylcyclobutenes have been measured in hexane solution using 228-nm excitation, which selectively populates the lowest pi,R(3s) excited singlet states of these molecules and has been shown previously to lead to ring opening with clean conrotatory stereochemistry. The compounds studied in this work-1,2-dimethylcyclobutene (1), cis- and trans-...

Hemoglobin (Hb) is the heme-containing O2 transport protein essential for life in all vertebrates. The resting high-spin (S = 2) ferrous form, deoxy-Hb, combines with triplet O2, forming diamagnetic (S = 0) oxy-Hb. Understanding this electronic structure is the key first step in understanding transition metal-O2 interaction. However, despite intense spectroscopic and theoretical studies, the el...

We present the exact solution of the Osp(1|2) invariant magnet by the Bethe ansatz approach. The associated Bethe ansatz equation exhibit a new feature by presenting an explicit and distinct phase behaviour in even and odd sectors of the theory. The ground state, the low-lying excitations and the critical properties are discussed by exploiting the Bethe ansatz solution.

The ground state and the excitation spectrum of strongly correlated electrons in quantum dots are investigated. An analytical solution is constructed by exact diagonalization of the Hamiltonian in terms of the N-particle eigenmodes.

In this paper we find a ground state solution for the nonlinear Schrödinger-Maxwell equations { −∆u+ V (x)u+ φu = |u|p−1u in R3, −∆φ = u2 in R3. where V is a possibly singular potential and 3 < p < 5.

Introduction Molecules that release light do so as a result of being in a state of high energy, often referred to as an “excited state”, and then returning to a lower energy or ground state with a subsequent release of energy (Figure 1). The production of light from excited molecules, as a means to release excess energy, is unusual. In the case of fluorescence the energy necessary to achieve th...

We demonstrate that the skeleton of the Fermi surface Sf;σ pertaining to a uniform metallic ground state (corresponding to fermions with spin index σ) is determined by the Hartree-Fock contribution Σ σ (k) to the dynamical self-energy Σσ(k; ε). That is to say, in order for k ∈ Sf;σ it is necessary (but for anisotropic ground states in general not sufficient) that the following equation be satis...

We propose the study of non-local gauge invariant operators to obtain an uncontaminated ground state for hadrons. The efficiency of the operators is shown by looking at the wave function of the first excited state, which has a node as a function of spatial extent of the operator.