In this article, we provide an overview of three humanoid soccer platforms currently in use at RoboCup: 3D simulation, the humanoid Standard Platform League (SPL), and the Webots-based simulator released with the SPL. Although these platforms trace different historical roots, today they share the same robot model, the Aldebaran Nao. Consequently, they face a similar set of challenges, primary a...

The UT Austin Villa 2003 simulated online soccer coach was a first time entry in the RoboCup Coach Competition. In developing the coach, the main research focus was placed on treating advice-giving as a machine learning problem. Competing against a field of mostly handcoded coaches, the UT Austin Villa coach earned first place in the competition. In this paper, we present the multi-faceted lear...

The flurry of regulatory activity by the outgoing administration of President George W. Bush has raised, once again, the specter of midnight regulation. In contrast to the late-term action of the Clinton Administration, much of the Bush Administration‘s late-term action seems to have been more deregulatory than regulatory, but from a political and legal standpoint, that distinction may not make...

Although an abundance of evidence shows that territorial disputes fundamentally shape relations among states, we know surprisingly little about when territorial claims are made. We use new data on the spatial distribution of historical borders and territorial claims across four centuries of European history to demonstrate that the majority of territorial claims are drawn following historical bo...

Many people assume that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 was an exclusively or primarily Western project, imposed on rest world by European and American powers emerged victorious from World War II. Harvard Law professor Mary Ann Glendon’s 2001 book, A Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt Rights, suggests otherwise. It not great but small pushed hardest for a declaration rights. And it ofte...

For any $k in mathbb{N}$, the $k$-subdivision of graph $G$ is a simple graph $G^{frac{1}{k}}$, which is constructed by replacing each edge of $G$ with a path of length $k$. In [Moharram N. Iradmusa, On colorings of graph fractional powers, Discrete Math., (310) 2010, No. 10-11, 1551-1556] the $m$th power of the $n$-subdivision of $G$ has been introduced as a fractional power of $G$, denoted by ...

iran has the longest political relations with russia among other great powers. this relation is resulted from neighborhood, trade, and cultural and racial factors between iran's people with some of the russia’s independent republics. purchasing of weapons by iran and participations of the soviet :union: in economic projects of iran helped the strengthening of the relations between the two ...

since the time conscription has become the main source of man power for armies, a development in the relation between the state and the individual has occurred. conscription became an institution for nationalistic re-socialization and a symbol for the equality of citizens. it also played an important role in the expansion of freedoms and universal suffrage. after the world war ii, a new trend t...