We discuss cases of salvation and non-salvation by deletion in the domain lexical gaps, distinguish two types defectiveness: (a) defectiveness that can be saved PF deletion, which we take to signal lack an eligible allomorph for certain environments within a language, (b) cannot proper alloseme given environment. With ellipsis modeled as instruction nonpronunciation on branch grammar, only gaps...

This paper introduces instructional techniques on the speech act of giving and responding to compliments for intermediate learners in a second language context in the U.S. The instruction utilized relevant research literature and included awareness-raising activities where learners compared their L1 complimenting behavior. The instruction also facilitated learners' outside-of-class observation ...

This study investigates the effect of formative exams and communicative grammar teaching strategies on students’ oral response-ability. research had a 2x2 factorial experimental design where 80 third-year university students were assigned using multistage cluster probability random sampling. The data analyzed two-way covariance analysis (ANCOVA) to test hypotheses. outcomes demonstrated that ta...

Homophonous verb forms are notoriously difficult to spell. Two intervention studies - one with secondary-school students and university compared the effectiveness of an Explicit Direct Instruction (EDI) teaching approach that was very interactive traditional instruction (TI) on Dutch homophonous spelling. The two approaches differ in attention dedicated identification grammatical functions teac...