BACKGROUND Both serum uric acid (SUA) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease; however, it is unclear whether SUA independently increases the risk of CKD based on longitudinal data. METHODS To investigate the relationship between SUA levels and CKD development, we initiated a 10.2-year prospective cohort study. Data from 14 939 Koreans, 20-84 ye...

The two-stage murine skin tumorigenesis model is widely used to study the development of squamous cell neoplasias. We have investigated expression of the p53 and retinoblastoma tumor suppressor genes in eight murine skin tumor cell lines of varied histopathology and malignant potential, in seven in vivo-derived clones from these cell lines, and in 39 primary short-term cultures of similarly ind...

The purpose of this study was to compare and discuss the modified policy for nursing staff in the public sector in Macao Chinese society. This study compared the past and present modifications in the bill of the Rank and Grade System in the public sector. The greatest concerns of the nursing staff included the old bill of rights, the grading system for the nursing staff, which needed to be modi...

This national study examined student breakfast consumption and nutritional quality of breakfast in 2000 and 2006 by gender, school grade, school socioeconomic status (SES) and weight status after the implementation of a national breakfast promotion campaign. Participants were 4237 schoolchildren in grades 2-12 from 32 schools in 2000 and 5645 schoolchildren from the same schools in 2006. Height...

BACKGROUND The lack of physical activity and increasing time spent in sedentary behaviours during childhood place importance on developing low cost, easy-toimplement school-based interventions to increase physical activity among children. The PREVIENE Project will evaluate the effectiveness of five innovative, simple, and feasible interventions (active commuting to/from school, active Physical ...

Intermittent monitoring of health risk behaviours at the population level is important for the planning and evaluation of national health promotion intervention programmes. The study aimed to provide trend estimates on the prevalence of various health risk behaviours assessed in the Global School-based Health Survey in 2003, 2007 and 2011 in the Philippines. Three waves of cross-sectional data ...

BACKGROUND Regular and daily physical activity during childhood and at school is one of the important part of requirements of normal growth, development and well-being. To achieve physical activity promotion among school child aged population recess as outside of class time efforts is scheduled and allows students to engage in physical and social activities. The purpose of the present study was...

It is well known that androgens drive prostate cancer and the inhibition of 5a-reductase results in an inhibition of the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, the active androgen in the prostate. Recently, two large prospective randomized trials have tested the 5a-reductase inhibitors, finasteride and dutasteride compared to placebo for the chemoprevention of prostate cancer in mid...

virtual technology can be a useful tool for designing models of healthy urban environments. the resilience and sustainability in any urban environment involves the establishment and maintenance of the health of its citizens. the well-being of youth, the future workforce of every society, is a highly important consideration in the design of cities. cities are only truly sustainable when the work...