In vertebrates, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) represents the primary neuroendocrine link between the brain and the reproductive axis, and in some species up to three different forms of GnRH have been detected. Until recently, it had been assumed that humans and non-human primates only express one form (GnRH-I), but it is now clear they also express a second form (GnRH-II). GnRH-II, like...

Currently, drug discovery focusses only on quantifying pharmacological parameters, sometimes including binding kinetics, of drug candidates. For a complete understanding of a drug's desired binding kinetics, the kinetics of both the target and its endogenous ligands should be considered. This is because the release and binding kinetics of endogenous ligands in addition to receptor internalizati...

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) activation stimulates synthesis and release of gonadotropins in the vertebrate pituitary and also mediates other processes both in the brain and in peripheral tissues. To better understand the differential function of multiple GnRH-R paralogs, three GnRH-R genes (gnrhr1a, 1b, and 2) were isolated and characterized in the European eel. All three g...

1 Hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor neurons fire in 2 synchrony with the female reproductive cycle 3 4 Abbreviated title: 5 GnRHR neuron activity during the estrous cycle 6 7 8 9 10 Christian Schauer1, Tong Tong1, Hugues Petitjean1, Thomas Blum1, Sophie Peron1, 11 Oliver Mai, Frank Schmitz, Ulrich Boehm, and Trese Leinders-Zufall 12 13 Department of Physiology and Cent...

Recent discoveries of somatic mutations permit the recognition of subtypes of aldosterone-producing adenomas with distinct clinical presentations and pathological features. Here we describe three women with hyperaldosteronism, two who presented in pregnancy and one who presented after menopause. Their aldosterone-producing adenomas harbored activating mutations of CTNNB1, encoding β-catenin in ...

INTRODUCTION Arhinia, congenital absence of the nose, is a rare malformation. We present the third reported case of arhinia accompanied by hypogonadism and demonstrate that this is due to gonadotropin deficiency. CASE PRESENTATION A 13-year-old Caucasian boy with congenital arhinia presented for evaluation of delayed puberty and micropenis. We examined genes known to be associated with hypogo...