Dopamine system disorders ranging from movement disorders to addiction and schizophrenia involve striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs), yet their functional connectivity has been difficult to determine comprehensively. We generated a mouse with conditional channelrhodopsin-2 expression restricted to medium spiny neurons and assessed the specificity and strength of their intrinsic connections in ...

Three neuropeptides, enkephalin, dynorphin, and substance P appear in the globus pallidus in a unique pattern termed woolly fibers as described previously [Haber and Nauta (1983) Neuroscience 9, 245-260]. The comparative distribution of these fibers are described in the human globus pallidus and basal forebrain area. The results show two main points: The human globus pallidus is a larger, more ...

Globus hystericus, a form of conversion disorder, is characterized by an uncomfortable sensation of a mass in the esophagus or airway. Evaluation proves no mass exists. Anxiety or psychological conflict is judged to be significantly related to the onset and progression of the sensation. The sensation may lead to difficulty swallowing or breathing and may become severe or life threatening. The d...

The development of applications and tools for high-performance \computational grids" is complicated by the heterogeneity and frequently dynamic behavior of the underlying resources; by the complexity of the applications themselves, which often combine aspects of supercomputing and distributed computing; and by the need to achieve high levels of performance. The Globus toolkit has been developed...

Emerging high-performance applications require the ability to exploit diverse, geographically distributed resources. These applications use high-speed networks to integrate supercomputers, large databases, archival storage devices, advanced visualization devices, and/or scientific instruments to form networked virtual supercomputers or metacomputers. While the physical infrastructure to build s...

We approach the issue of defining the set of minimal Grid services by considering the problem of interoperability of different Grid systems. On the one hand if we have identified the minimal set of Grid services then any well-composed resource request expressed in terms of this minimal set will be honoured by other Grids even if some translation may need to be made between different resource de...

The inhibitory amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major neurotransmitter in the globus pallidus. Although electrophysiological studies have indicated that functional GABA(B) receptors exist in rat globus pallidus, the subcellular localization of GABA(B) receptor subunits and their spatial relationship to glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses are unknown. Here, we use pre-embedding ...

In situ hybridization was used to study the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced damage to the midbrain dopaminergic neurons on the level of glutamate decarboxylase mRNA in globus pallidus neurons in the rat. Some animals received an injection of Fluoro-gold in the entopeduncular nucleus or the substantia nigra prior to the 6-hydroxydopamine lesion in order to identify glutamic acid decarboxylas...