This paper combines “emerging twin peaks” distribution dynamics for percapita incomes across countries, with personal income distributions within countries over time. The result is a picture of worldwide income distribution dynamics across people. The paper finds that for determining world inequalities, the forces assuming first-order importance are those macroeconomic ones that determine cross...

In this article we prove a collection of new non-linear and non-local integral inequalities. As an example for u ≥ 0 and p ∈ (0,∞) we obtain ∫ R3 dx u(x) ≤ ( p+ 1 p )2 ∫ R3 dx {(−4)−1u(x)}|∇u p 2 (x)|. We use these inequalities to deduce global existence of solutions to a non-local heat equation with a quadratic non-linearity for large radial monotonic positive initial conditions. Specifically,...

If global trade were fair, it is argued, then international aid would be unnecessary and inequalities inherent to the economic system would be justifiable. Here, we argue that while global trade is unfair, in part because richer countries set the rules, we believe that additional interventions must go beyond trade regulation and short-term aid to redress inequalities among countries that will p...

Editorials 591 The Millennium Development Goals focused on poverty and development and reducing inequalities between countries. 1 Progress was monitored through national averages without adequate attention to within-country inequality. The post-2015 sustainable development goals (SDG) stress " leaving no one behind " – with goal 10 specifically calling for the reduction of inequality, within an...

ion is necessary for broad explanatory power (Hedström and Swedberg 1998:10, 13; Kiser and Hechter 1991). 13 The mechanisms that cause ascriptive inequality to vary do not include abstract or global phenomena such as devaluation, discrimination, exclusion, exploitation, meritocracy, oppression, and social closure that describe but do not explain patterns of inequality (e.g., Reskin 1988; Tomask...

Most studies on global health inequality consider unequal health care and socio-economic conditions but neglect inequality in the production of health knowledge relevant to addressing disease burden. We demonstrate this inequality and identify likely causes. Using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 111 prominent medical conditions, assessed globally and nationally by the World Health Or...

This paper presents a simple model to show that, in addition to technological development and global outsourcing, heterogeneous lifetime preferences for leisure are essential to income inequality. Allocating leisure time to studying is viewed as suffering in exchange for future comfort, and income inequality in a country arises when some prefer the leisure trade-off but others prefer smooth lei...

An assessment of current available data on income inequality, at global, international and national levels.

Solving linear variational inequality by traditional numerical iterative algorithm not only can not satisfy parallel, but also its precision has much relationship with initial values. In this paper, a novel hybrid coevolutionary particle swarm optimization is used to solve linear variational inequality, which sufficiently exerts the advantage of particle swarm optimization such as group search,...