Background. HMGB1 acts as an important inflammatory mediator and is a potential therapeutic target for sepsis. Glycyrrhizin (GL), a natural triterpene glycoside derived from licorice, has been demonstrated to inhibit HMGB1 activity. The aim of this study is to explore how GL affects the HMGB1 signaling in sepsis. Methods. We used a CLP model of sepsis and in vitro LPS or HMGB1-treated NR8383 ce...

The accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids results in cholestatic liver injury by increasing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of cell signaling pathways. Licorice root and its constituents have been utilized as antihepatotoxic agents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential modulation by a primary component of licorice root, glycyrrhizin (GL), and its ...

Cell entry of enveloped viruses requires a wide-fusion-pore mechanism, involving clustering of fusion-activated proteins and fluidization of the plasma membrane and viral envelope. In the present study, GL (glycyrrhizin) is reported to lower membrane fluidity, thus suppressing infection by HIV, influenza A virus and vesicular stomatitis virus, but not by poliovirus. GL-treated HIV-1 particles s...

Induction of germline (GL) epsilon transcripts, an essential step preceding Ig isotype switching to IgE, requires activation of transcription factors by IL-4 and a B cell activator, e.g., CD40 ligand or LPS. We demonstrate that AP-1 (Fos and Jun), induced transiently by CD40 ligand or LPS, binds a DNA element in the mouse GL epsilon promoter. AP-1 synergizes with Stat6 to activate both the inta...

Molt-induced claw muscle atrophy in decapod crustaceans facilitates exuviation and is coordinated by ecdysteroid hormones. There is a 4-fold reduction in mass accompanied by remodeling of the contractile apparatus, which is associated with an 11-fold increase in myofibrillar protein synthesis by the end of the premolt period. Loss of a walking limb or claw causes a loss of mass in the associate...

The effects of pH and sulfonated lignin (SL) on the saccharification of enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated using acid bisulfite (AS)and green liquor (GL)-pretreated poplar as substrates. The enzymatic sugar conversions of ASand GL-pretreated poplar could reach high levels at pH 4.8. The sugar conversions of both ASand GL-pretreated poplar solids increased when hydrophilic SL was used as an ...

Let F be a nonarchimedean local field, let GL(n) = GL(n, F ) and let ν denote Plancherel measure for GL(n). Let Ω be a component in the Bernstein variety Ω(GL(n)). Then Ω yields its fundamental invariants: the cardinality q of the residue field of F , the sizes m1, . . . ,mt, exponents e1, . . . , et, torsion numbers r1, . . . , rt, formal degrees d1, . . . , dt and the Artin conductors f11, . ...

Let π = ⊗ p≤∞ πp be a cuspidal automorphic representation of GL(n) over Q. The adelic representation π is composed of π∞, an archimedean representation of GL(n,R), and nonarchimedean representations πp of GL(n,Qp) for each prime p. For all places p < ∞ outside of a finite set S, πp is unramified and parameterized by principal series parameters {αp,j}. Letting Ap ∈ GL(n,C) denote the diagonal ma...

We give a construction of finitely generated free algebras for Gödel-Löb provability logic, GL. On the semantic side, this construction yields a notion of canonical graded model for GL and a syntactic definition of those normal forms which are consistent with GL. Our two main techniques are incremental constructions of free algebras and finite duality for partial modal algebras. In order to app...