We introduce a new algorithm for realizing Maximum Likelihood (ML) decoding in channels with memory. The algorithm is based on the principle that the receiver rank orders noise sequences from most likely to least likely. Subtracting noise from the received signal in that order, the first instance that results in an element of the code-book is the ML decoding. For channels where the noise is ind...

Why do people volunteer? What makes people give their time for others? Is volunteering really for those who are in need or volunteers themselves? While the idea of the gift and gift exchange is often used by practitioners of volunteering, it is also one of the research areas to which anthropology has largely contributed over decades. Gift exchange is a significant social phenomenon which reflec...

Background & aim: Women experience childbirth in a variety of contexts with different aspirations. However, the experience has far-reaching implications for women’s health and that of their neonates. To explore the childbirth experiences of women giving birth in Zambia in order to better understand how they give meaning to the experience this study was conducted. Methods: This study was carried...

they have additional information on their patients’ health and clinical statuses. The information could be acquired directly from patients or electronically from other providers through healthcare information exchanges (HIE). In the latter case, a common language or standard is necessary for sending and receiving digital forms of clinical data among healthcare organizations. On February 12, 200...

To increase teaching learning better, it is needed the students’ involvement in process of education through giving motivation as students are lack confident, afraid to make mistake and shy communicate English. The aims this article elaborate rewards its type found Synchronous Asynchronous Teaching English At SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Malang. This research was applied qualitative design dig out proble...

My study dealt with correction in actions and the military's position on it, fact that is a serious scourge has infected language books of authorship literature. Abu Ahmed Al-Askari wrote book distortion entitled ``Explanation what wrong distortion,'' I, turn, studied words Quran his difference between two Mushaf non-Mushaf semantically by giving preference to meaning closest context searching ...

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This is a magnificent and scholarly book, exquisitely produced, and definitely not destined only for the coffee table. It is multifaceted in character, addressing rainbow-relevant aspects of mythology, religion, the history of art, art criticism, the history of optics, the theory of color, the philosophy of science , and advertising! The quality of the reproductions and photographs is superb. T...