Two-dimensional geographical information systems are extensively used in the geosciences to create and analyse maps. However, these systems are unable to represent the Earth’s subsurface in three spatial dimensions. The objective of this thesis is to overcome this deficiency, to provide a general framework for a 3d geoscience information system (GIS), and to contribute to the public discussion ...

14 The Geological Surveying and Investigation in 3 Dimensions (GSI3D) software tool and 15 methodology has been developed over the last 15 years. Since 2001 this has been in 16 cooperation with the British Geological Survey (BGS). To-date over a hundred BGS 17 geologists have learned to use the software that is now routinely deployed in building 18 systematic and commercial 3D geological models...

This work describes the implementation of the INSPIRE Geology data model (INSPIRE GE) for digital geological map production at the Portuguese Laboratory of Energy and Geology (LNEG). The process of harmonising geological mapping data involves the restructuring of the LNEG’s current data model into the extended INSPIRE GE, which aims a more efficient, interoperable and harmonized management data...

Two major geological problems regarding the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis are (i) identifying a source of oxygen pre-dating the biological oxygen production and capable of driving the evolution of oxygen tolerance, and (ii) determining when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved. One solution to the first problem is the accumulation of photochemically produced H(2)O(2) at the surface of the glacie...

Prospecting for oil and gas resources poses the problem of determining the geological structure of the earth's crust from indirect measurements. Seismic migration is an acoustic image reconstruction technique based on the inversion of the scalar wave equation. Extensive computation is necessary before reliable information can be extracted from large sets of recorded data. In this article, a col...

In this paper we consider a modification to Darcy equation by taking into account the dependence of viscosity on the pressure. We present a stabilized mixed formulation for the resulting governing equations. Equal-order interpolation for the velocity and pressure is considered, and shown to be stable (which is not the case under the classical mixed formulation). The proposed mixed formulation i...

Three-dimensional modeling of geological bodies is a useful tool for multiple applications. Such tasks are usually accomplished starting from fieldcollected data, which typically suffer from intrinsic limitations such as accessibility constraints and punctuality of data collected. In this work, we explore the reliability of photo-geological mapping from interpretation of aerial photographs in p...

A sequence of earthquakes occurred in 2008 in the Meruoca granitic pluton, located in the northwestern part of the Borborema Province, NE Brazil. A seismological study defined the seismic activity occurring along the seismically-defined Riacho Fundo fault, a 081° striking, 8 km deep structure. The objective of this study was to analyze the correlation between this seismic activity and geologica...

The technique of 3D geological modeling (3DGM) is an effective tool for representing complex geological objects. In order to improve the accuracy of geological models applied in numerical simulation methods such as finite elements and finite differences, we can use 3DGM as a modeling tool. To do this, however, 3DGMmust provide the ability to model geological and artificial objects in a unified ...