The study of genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships is essential for the efficient selection of superior plant material and conducting introgression breeding programs. In Iran, despite the wide geographical distribution of grasses no report is available on the genetic diversity and relationships of cool season grass populations. In this study amplified fragment length polymorphism (AF...

optimization of structures for minimum weight has become important in the recent designs. in this study, a genetic optimization algorithm for weight minimization of steel frames has been used. the genetic algorithm is an optimization and search technique based on the principles of genetics and natural selection. constraints regarding material strength and serviceability are taken from “aisc cod...

The controlled delivery of genetic material, such as genes, plasmids, or siRNA, holds great promise for the therapy of a number of debilitating diseases. [ 1–3 ] While the fundamental concept of permanent or temporary genetic manipulation has been widely embraced by the scientifi c community, severe concerns remain about the safe and effi cient transfer of the genetic material into human cells,...

Abstract Micro‐organisms have long been implicated in the construction of stromatolites. Yet, establishing a microbial role modern stromatolite growth via molecular analysis is not always straightforward because DNA stromatolites can multiple origins. For example, genomic material could represent microbes responsible for (i.e., “builders”), that inhabited structure after it was built “tenants”)...