Plant breeders utilize directed selection and transgenics to produce novel cultivars of diploid and polyploid species. DNA sequence is clearly important in these processes, but growing evidence implicates epigenetics as an important factor in controlling genetic variation and gene/transgene expression. In this article, we focus on epigenetic variation defined as mitotically and meiotically heri...

CPUs are often seen as sequential, however they have a high degree of internal parallelism, typically operating on 32 or 64 bits simultaneously. This paper explores the idea of exploiting this internal parallelism to extend the scope of genetic programming (GP) and improve its eeciency. We call the resulting form of GP sub-machine-code GP. The diierences between sub-machine-code GP and the usua...

AIMGP is a very fast linear genetic programming approach that evolves machine code programs. We report on a parallelization of AIMGP for a parallel transputer system resulting in an almost linear speedup. In linear genetic programming (GP) computer programs of imperative programmming languages like C or machine code are evolved (Banzhaf et al. 1998). AIMGP (Automatic Induction of Machine code b...

Nature has invented photoreceptor proteins that are involved in sensing and response to light in living organisms. Genetic code expansion (GCE) technology has provided new tools to transform light insensitive proteins into novel photoreceptor proteins. It is achieved by the site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids (Uaas) that carry light sensitive moieties serving as "pigments" that...