multiple sclerosis (ms) is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to degeneration of the brain and spinal tissue. imbalances of cd4+ t cells including thelper1 (th1)/thelper2 (th2) and thelper17 (th17)/tregulatory (treg), their secreted cytokines and gene expressions, are important aspects of in immunopathogenesis of ms. vitamin a and its metabolites can regulate the immune system and appear...

given the difficulties in accessing articular cartilage as a source of chondrocytes to be used in fabricating cartilage constructs, alternative sources are required. the present study examined chondrocytes from costal cartilage for their suitability in cartilage tissue engineering. chondrocytes isolated from rat knee and rib hyaline cartilage were separately mixed with alginate and placed in a ...

cyclosporine a (csa), a cyclic polypeptide metabolite extracted from the fungus, is used clinically to combat organ graft rejection in transplant subjects. previous studies have shown that csa exposure enhances the production of reactive oxygen species (ros) and lipid peroxidation, which are directly involved in csa toxicity. to protect cells and organs against ros, the human body has evolved a...

the response of plants to drought stress depends on several factors including the plant developmental stage and the length and severity of the stress applied. common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) is the most important pulse crop that is cultivated worldwide for human consumption. understanding of the mechanisms responsible for its response to drought is, therefore, essential. an increasing numbe...

the human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulation factor (hgm-csf) gene was cloned in the pet 23a( +) expression vector under the control of strong bacteriophage t7 transcription and translation signals. the hgm-csf gene was transferred into e. coli strainbl21 (de3)plyss andiptg was used for induction of gm-csf gene. production of the target protein was obtained as revealed by elisa and weste...

conclusions it can be concluded that the nettle extract can reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic mice, at least partly, by influencing the glut2 gene expression in mice liver. results the results showed that the nettle extract significantly decreased high levels of blood glucose (p < 0.001). the nettle extract also had a preventive effect on decrease in body weight. in addition, the results ...

background: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all), the most common childhood cancer with a peak incidence in children from 2-5 years old, might be associated with poor prognosis and resistance to therapy in specific cytogenetic backgrounds. foxo3a, a member of the forkhead class 'o' (foxo) transcription factors, is a main downstream target of pi3k/akt pathway which regulates different variety of b...

background : the study was aimed to show the effect of molecular mechanism of aqueous garlic extract (age) on expression of ifnγ and inos genes in leishmania major . methods : leishmania major promastigotes (mrho/ir/75/er) were added to the in-vitro cultured j774 cell line, the cells were incubated for 72 hours. various concentrations of garlic extract (9.25, 18.5, 37, 74, 148 mg/ml) were added...

introduction: transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (trpv1) and protein kinase cγ (pkcγ) are involved in sensitization/desensitization to noxious stimuli. we aimed to examine the gene expression levels of trpv1 and pkcγ in rat lumbosacral cord and midbrain on days 1, 4 and 8 of induction of morphine analgesic tolerance. methods: two groups of male wistar rats received twice daily saline...

viral protein-1 (vp1) is a major capsid protein of coxsakievirus b3 (cvb3) that plays an important role in directing viruses towards permissive cells and acts as a main antigenic site of the virus in eliciting of host immune response, hence it seems vp1 can be considered as a vaccine candidate against cvb3 infection. in this study, cdna of vp1 was prepared, cloned into pet expression vector and...