In this study, a control strategy to improve the fuel economy was proposed for a PHEV(plug-in hybrid electric vehicle) considering driver tendency. To identify the driver tendency, a driver model which reflects the driver tendency was developed using the driving data. The target PHEV model was developed based on MATLAB/Simulink and validation of the vehicle model was performed by experiments. F...

This paper reviews theoretical and empirical literature on the measurement of the major automobile externalities, namely local pollution, global pollution, oil dependence, traffic congestion and traffic accidents. It then dicusses the rationale for traditional policies to address these externalities, including fuel taxes, fuel economy standards, emissions standards and related policies. Finally...

The MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change combines cutting-edge scientific research with independent policy analysis to provide a solid foundation for the public and private decisions needed to mitigate and adapt to unavoidable global environmental changes. Being data-driven, the Program uses extensive Earth system and economic data and models to produce quantitative anal...

1 2 6 12 18 24 36 42 44 48 50 52 54 56 58 61 Summary Report overview 1. Recent trends in average fuel consumption for new cars 2. How great is the technical potential to reduce new car fuel consumption by 2020 and by 2030? 3. The critical distinction between the technical potential to improve fuel economy and how much of that technical potential is realized 4. Policies to encourage the producti...

Building on the political economy literature, we develop a conceptual model and apply it to explain the OPEC pricing behavior. We model OPEC as a cartel-of-nations where politician use two instruments: production quotas and domestic fuel consumption subsidies. Our model explains the wedge between domestic fuel prices in OPEC countries and in the rest of the world. The empirical estimates show t...

What are the fuels of the future? Seven representative carbon- and nitrogen-based fuels are evaluated on an energy basis in a power-to-fuel-to-power analysis as possible future chemical hydrogen-storage media. It is intriguing to consider that a nitrogen economy, where hydrogen obtained from water splitting is chemically stored on abundant nitrogen in the form of a nontoxic and safe nitrogen-ba...

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are one promising vehicle technology for reducing the long-term environmental and energy-use impacts of personal vehicle use. Depending on how the hydrogen is produced, these vehicles can have very low emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases while also avoiding the use of petroleum. This paper reports the findings of real-world research conducted by the Univ...

The adaptive power management strategy is developed for a four-mode plug-in hybrid electric vehicle in this paper. For a given driving pattern, dynamic programming is employed to obtain the global optimum as the performance upper bound to benchmark the proposed strategy. A selforganizing fuzzy controller is used to adaptively adjust the equivalence factor for converting the electric power usage...

Next level of passenger vehicles engines evolution is needed to comply with fuel economy and pollutant regulation legislative requirements. Turning a combustion engine with modern control systems into reverse uniflow two-stroke engines improves the power density of the engine and minimizes negative aspects of using the classic two-stroke engines. Variable valve timing allows control of the inta...

A decade ago, economic problems were paramount in society in general and in health and mental health care in particular. Rising costs, especially striking in mental health care, helped fuel the rapid development of managed care and carveout managed behavioral health care organizations. There were temporary successes as health care costs were reduced in the 1990s, while our general economy boome...