Frost protection or protecting plants from cold temperatures where they could be damaged must be a consideration in vineyard planning. Cold protection events commonly occur during “radiation” frost conditions when the sky is clear, there is little wind and strong temperature inversions can develop. These conditions can happen during spring, fall or winter when it is necessary to keep canes, bud...

[1] We studied soil properties of frost boils at nine zonal-vegetation locations across the North American Arctic Transect (NAAT) in order to better understand arctic soils and their interaction with other biogeophysical components of frost boil ecosystems. Soil genetic horizons were analyzed for particle size, pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N), bulk densit...

Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) are classified as active sensors. It has been capable of producing images with high spatial resolution, and able to observe at day and night and in all-weather condition. With these advantages, SAR image becomes more popular than the Optical image. SAR image formation process led to speckle noise; it causes difficulties in the process of interpretation and analys...