In positive frequency-dependent predation, predation risk of an individual prey correlates positively with the frequency of that prey type. In a number of small-scale experiments individual predators have shown frequency-dependent behaviour, often leading to the conclusion that a population of such predators could maintain prey polymorphism. Using simulations, I studied the dynamics of frequenc...

The influence of web design on prey capture efficiency was investigated in the orb-webs of Octonoba sybotides under different prey conditions (abundant and limited). The insects captured by artificial traps under limited prey conditions were smaller than those captured under abundant prey conditions. O. sybotides webs with spiral stabilimenta (SP webs) have a narrower mesh and a larger catching...

To effectively balance investment in predator defenses versus other traits, organisms must accurately assess predation risk. Chemical cues caused by predation events are indicators of risk for prey in a wide variety of systems, but the relationship between how prey perceive risk in relation to the amount of prey consumed by predators is poorly understood. While per capita predation rate is ofte...

effects of formulation parameters on the fractional release profile of diclofenac sodium from matrices having the manufacturing formulation ingredients are studied. as a content of cetyl alcohol (rate controlling agent) in the matrix increases, the fractional release decreases. the fractional release increases either by increasing sucrose content outside the granule or by decreasing sucrose con...

In this paper‎, ‎a modern method is presented to solve a class of fractional optimal control problems (FOCPs) indirectly‎. ‎First‎, ‎the necessary optimality conditions for the FOCP are obtained in the form of two fractional differential equations (FDEs)‎. ‎Then‎, ‎the unknown functions are approximated by the hybrid functions‎, ‎including Bernoulli polynomials and Block-pulse functions based o...

A universal approach by Laplace transform to the variational iteration method for fractional derivatives with the nonsingular kernel is presented; in particular, the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative and the Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative with the non-singular kernel is considered. The analysis elaborated for both non-singular kernel derivatives is shown the necessity of considering...

Motivated by the fact that restrictive conditions for a Turing instability are relaxed in subdiffusive regime, we investigate effects of subdiffusion predator - prey model with toxins under homogeneous Neumann boundary condition. First, stability analysis corresponding ordinary differential equation is carried out. From this analysis, it follows closely related to coefficient toxicity. In addit...

Recent work on teleosts suggests that attack behaviors or kinematics may be modified by a predator on the basis of the size of the prey or the ability of the prey to sense predators and escape capture (elusivity). Sharks are generally presumed to be highly visual predators; thus, it is reasonable to expect that they might also be capable of such behavioral modulation. In this study, I investiga...

In this article, we study how predator behavior influences the aggregation of prey into herds. Game-theoretic models of herd formation are developed based on different survival probabilities of solitary prey and prey that join the herd and on the predator's preference of what type of prey to search for. For an intentional predator that will only pursue its preferred type of prey, a single herd ...