BACKGROUND Nefopam, a non-opiate analgesic, has been regarded as a substance that reduces the requirement for morphine, but conflicting results have also been reported. The inhibition of monoamine reuptake is a mechanism of action for the analgesia of nefopam. The spinal cord is an important site for the action of monoamines however, the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal nefopam was not cle...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Satureja hortensis seed extracts and to analyze their essential oil constituents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hydroalcoholic and polyphenolic extracts and essential oil of S. hortensis seeds were prepared using standard methods. Analgesic activity was assessed in male mice (25-35 g) using standard methods...

orexin, mainly produced by orexin-expressing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (lh), plays an important role in pain modulation. moreover, it is shown that the nucleus accumbens (nac) is one of the important areas involved in this modulation. orexin-1 (ox1) and orexin-2 (ox2) receptors are densely distributed in the nac. the study investigated the involvement of ox1 receptors in the nac on an...

The aim of the present research was to assess in experimental and clinical study the influence of doxepin administered intraperitoneally (ip) as preemptive analgesia on the nociception in the perioperative period. The pain thresholds for mechanical stimuli were measured in rats. The objective of clinical investigation was to assess the influence of preemptive administration of doxepin on postop...

D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) is an enzyme catalyzing oxidative deamination of neutral and polar d-amino acids and is expressed in the kidneys, liver, and central nervous system (CNS) including the spinal cord. We have previously demonstrated that DAO gene deletion/mutation by using mutant ddY/DAO(-/-) mice and systemic administration of the DAO inhibitor sodium benzoate blocked formalin-induced h...

OBJECTIVES Based on the previous reports, silymarin can suppress nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotrienes, cytokines production, and neutrophils infiltration. Regarding the fact that inflammation plays an important role in neuropathic and formalin-induced pain, it was assumed that silymarin could reduce pain. The present study investigates the analgesic effects of silymarin in chemic...

BACKGROUND In the present study, the effect of dextromethorphan on antinociception and tolerance induced by water swim-stress in the formalin test was investigated. METHODS Swim-stress at 8 masculineC induces antinociception in both phases of the formalin test. Intraperitoneal administration of dextromethorphan (60 mg/kg) also induces antinociception in the second phase of the formalin test. ...

BACKGROUND Lithium has been shown to relieve mania and induce antinociception. In the present study, swim stress at 8C induced antinociception in both phases of the formalin test. Intraperitoneal administration of lithium chloride (LiCl) (0.05, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg) also induced antinociception in both phases of the formalin test. METHODS Antinociception was assessed by the formalin test metho...

The l-isomer of methadone possesses opioid activity, whereas the d-isomer is weak or inactive as an opioid. Both d- and l-methadone have been shown to bind to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. To determine whether d-methadone has functional, in vivo NMDA receptor antagonist activity, the antinociceptive effects of d-methadone were evaluated in the rat tail-flick and formalin tests. Cumu...