INTRODUCTION A recent development in the study of foreign policy is the growing attention being given to bureaucratic politics explanations of national foreign policy behavior.' In fact, it would be no exaggeration to characterize the bureaucratic politics approach or bureaucratic paradigm as a major research thrust in contemporary international relations theory. Foreign policy behavior, the bu...

sanctions as a tool to pressure and coercion in promotion of foreign policy goals in mind and its literature has been introduced as one of the most arguable and non-definitive literature on international relations. according to the available space on domestic and international sanctions against iran, this study has tried some of these new approaches and perspectives in relation to the efficienc...

the purpose of this article is to deal with causes and trends of china and latin america foreign policy in hu jintao era. before hu presidency, china had more tendency to promoting relations with the west, but during this period (hu’s era) third world countries like africa and latin america countries gained their precedent positions in china foreign policy. the main question raised here, is “wh...

constructivism, as a method of discussion in international politics and foreign policy, is considered a young method which is based on philosophical subjects in social sciences. first the article presents the philosophical approach of constructivism through a logical course and shows its difference with competitive approaches; then enters the constructivism of international relations and discus...

the collapse of the soviet :union: provided an extraordinary opportunity for china to enforce political and economic process in the central asian region. proximity of the border of china and the central asian countries with rapid economic growth of china, have imposed certain conditions on central asian countries' relations with it. in general, bilateral relations between china and the cou...

in regional level, iran-iraq war had a great impact on neighboring states' foreign policy approach, especially on gulf arab states. these states adopted a new approach in their relations with iran and iraq considering the ideological and revolutionary threat of iran. after iraqi invasion against iran, gulf arab states affected by nationalism movement, sported iraq extensively. their policy...

How Outsourcing Affects Bilateral Political Relations One issue the literature neglects is how outsourcing stimulates trade (imports, exports and foreign direct investment), thereby affecting political relations. However, at least as far back as 1750, economic philosophers such as Baron de Montesquieu in his L’Esprit des Lois, argued, “peace is the natural effect of trade.” This paper first rev...

This paper attempts to explain the consequences of the relational calculus not allowing relations to be domains of relations, and to suggest a solution for the issue. On the example of SQL we describe the consequent problem of the multitude of different representations for relations; analyze in detail the disadvantages of the notions “TABLE” and “FOREIGN KEY”; and propose a complex solution whi...