The semantic annotation of dialogue corpora permits building efficient language understanding applications for supporting enjoyable and effective human-machine interactions. Nevertheless, the annotation process could be costly, time-consuming and complicated, particularly the more expressive is the semantic formalism. In this work, we propose a bootstrapping architecture for the semantic annota...

We consider first order modal logic C firstly defined by Carnap in “Meaning and Necessity” [1]. We prove elimination of nested modalities for this logic, which gives additionally the Skolem-Löwenheim theorem for C. We also evaluate the degree of unsolvability for C, by showing that it is exactly 0′. We compare this logic with the logics of Henkin quantifiers, Σ1 logic, and SO. We also shortly d...

this article is an attempt to investigate the aesthetics of color themes in arabic poetry. as a means of psychological description, color is one of the manifestations of realism in poetic images. in the application of colors some mythical and civilized structures are portrayed in the culture of nations. since languages have their own specific organizations of colors, the author aims to measure ...

Current graphical object-oriented design notations are syntax-bound and semantic-free since they tend to focus on design representation rather than on the meaning of the design. This paper proposes a meaning for object-oriented designs in terms of object behaviours represented as constructions in category theory. A new design language is proposed, based on-notation, whose semantics is given by ...

We distinguish between two versions of descriptivism. What we label “explanatory descriptivism” is a program for explaining how words get meaning and reference. Meaning descriptivism, on the other hand, is the view that many syntactically simple terms are synonymous with descriptions. It is a claim about what the meaning of such terms is, not about how the facts determine what the meaning is. E...