Coloboma is a defect in the morphogenesis of the eye that is a consequence of failure of choroid fissure fusion. It is among the most common congenital defects in humans and can significantly impact vision. However, very little is known about the cellular mechanisms that regulate choroid fissure closure. Using high-resolution confocal imaging of the zebrafish optic cup, we find that apico-basal...

The gold standard surgical treatment of chronic anal fissure is lateral internal sphincterotomy which lowers the resting anal pressure and effectively heals the majority of fissures. Local application of 0.2% glyceryl trinitrate ointment has been used as an agent for chemical sphincterotomy, causing temporary alleviation of sphincter spasm and allowing the fissure to heal without compromising t...

Objective: Painful nipple fissure is a troublesome problem for breastfeeding mothers. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of saqez (Pistacia atlantica) ointment on the improvement of nipple fissure in breastfeeding women during one-month follow-up. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 100 eligible women who visited the selected health cen...

Background: For the prevention of dental caries, fissure sealants application is recommended if pits and fissures are very deep and narrow, creating a physical barrier for the plaque's accumulation, in these specific anatomical areas of the tooth. Aim: This review article about fissure sealant aims to address the main properties, indications, advantages and limitations of fissure sealants that ...

Anal fissure is one of the most common causes of severe anal pain. Factors which predispose people to develop anal fissure include diarrhea, constipation, childbirth, medication as well as constant saddle vibration (amongst professional mountain-bikers) and using a jet of water from a bidet-toilet. For many years, it has been generally accepted that a sphincterotomy, whether surgical or pharmac...

The institution of general practitioners is the backbone of healthcare system. Their competence at the core level had often averted small ailments developing into major problems. Ano-rectal disorders include a diverse group of pathologic processes that are frequently encountered in general medical practice but are seldom taken seriously. An attempt has been made in this write up to supplement f...

A 60-year-old male patient who presented with generalized weakness and low-grade fever was diagnosed to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive a CD4 count of 17. Routine laboratory investigations revealed pancytopenia. Serum cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fundoscopy showed CMV retinitis in the right eye. The started on tablet valganciclovir. After 2 weeks, bro...

Fistula in ano is treated conventionally, by using the surgical techniques like fistulectomy or fistulotomy. In this practice of surgery there are many complications like delayed healing and stenosis or incontinence. The period of convalescence is also long. But after the advent of 'Kshara Sutra' for the treatment of fistula in ano, the complications he reduced to negligible level. It has becom...