Generic medicine pricing is an area of national responsibility of European Union countries. This article aims to present the current status and impact of generic medicine pricing policies in ambulatory care in Europe. The study conducts a literature review of policies relating to free-pricing systems, price-regulated systems, price differentiation, price competition and discounts, and tendering...

This thesis consists of two studies on financial market imperfections. The first study (Chapters 2 and 3) investigates illiquidity, which is a reflection of different imperfections, and its pricing implications in the corporate bond market. The second study (Chapter 4) evaluates the impact of a short-sale ban, which is a form of financial constraints, on the equity and derivatives markets. In C...

This paper develops a consumption-based asset pricing model to explain and quantify the aggregate implications of a frictional financial system, comprised of many financial markets partially integrated with one-another. Each of our micro financial markets is inhabited by traders who are specialized in that market’s type of asset. We specify exogenously the level of segmentation that ultimately ...

Financial Econometrics is simply the application of econometric tools to financial data. For many years, least squares techniques provided satisfactory tools. Stock market forecasts, efficient market tests, and even tests of portfolio models such as the CAPM and APT were essentially implemented with least squares on cleverly manipulated data sets. More recently, however, the field has developed...

Since its introduction, the Lee Carter model has been widely adopted as a means of modelling the distribution of projected mortality rates. Increasingly attention is being placed on alternative models and, importantly in the financial and actuarial literature, on models suited to risk management and pricing. Financial economic approaches based on term structure models provide a framework for em...

Modeling multi-factor financial derivatives by a Partial Differential Equation approach with efficient implementation on Graphics Processing Units Duy Minh Dang Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Computer Science University of Toronto 2011 This thesis develops efficient modeling frameworks via a Partial Differential Equation (PDE) approach for multi-factor financial derivatives, with e...

For insurance risks, jump processes such as homogeneous/non-homogeneous Poisson process and Cox process have been used . In financial modelling, it has been observed that diffusion models are not robust enough to capture the appearance of jumps in underlying asset prices and interest rates. As a result, generalised Lévy processes, which are simply speaking, the combinations of Poisson process a...

Loan contracts performance determines the profitability and stability of the financial institutions, and screening the loan applications is a key process in minimizing credit risk. Before making any credit decisions, credit analysis (the assessment of the financial history and financial backgrounds of the borrowers) should be completed as part of the screening process. Good borrowers with low c...

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to provide an overview of biosimilar policies in 10 EU MSs. Methods: Ten EU MS pharmaceutical markets (Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the UK) were selected. A comprehensive literature review was performed to identify supply-side and demand-side policies in place in the selected countries. Results: Supply-side policies for ...

* This is the English version of the paper titled "Option Pricing in HJM Model using an Asymptotic Expansion Method" published in December 2004. This paper represents the personal views of the authors and is NOT the official view of the Financial Services Agency or the Financial Research and Training Center. † In preparing this paper, valuable advice was provided by Mr. Yoshihiko Uchida (Instit...