In figs (Ficus, Moraceae) there are two breeding systems: monoecy is the ancestral condition but approximately half the 750 odd species are functionally dioecious. Three hypotheses have been proposed for the evolution of dioecy in figs, invoking seasonality (Kjellberg et al. 1987), the reduction of non-pollinating wasp species (Kerdelhue and Rasplus 1996), and the persistence of pollinator popu...

Fig is a very perishable fruit with short postharvest life. Low-cost techniques should be employed to reduce fresh fig losses. The purpose of this study was design passive modified atmosphere packaging (PMAP) extend the shelf-life ‘Dottato’ figs stored at 4 °C for 21 days. Physico-chemical traits and enzymatic non-enzymatic antioxidant systems were evaluated. Storage in PMAP reduced losses weig...

This study aimed the utilization of fig stalk waste as an alternative pectin source. For this purpose, characteristics extracted (SP) were compared with those citrus (CP) and from defected substandard whole sun-dried figs (FP). The SP had a higher extraction yield (11.7%) than FP (9.4%). galacturonic acid content degree esterification (32.3 50.1%) (19.9 38.8%), but lower CP (79.3 56.2%), respec...

Abstract Figs are recognized as keystone species in sustaining wildlife. Many studies showed that Dramaga Campus (Bogor) provides suitable wildlife habitat but no information available on the use of figs by area. This study aimed at identifying and examining role weeping fig ( Ficus benjamina ) campus A rapid pre-survey was conducted to list using trees July 2020; observation sample (September-...

Differences in breeding system are associated with correlated ecological and morphological changes in plants. In Ficus, dioecy and monoecy are strongly associated with different suites of traits (tree height, population density, fruiting frequency, pollinator dispersal ecology). Although approximately 30% of fig species are pollinated by multiple species of fig-pollinating wasps, it has been su...

Figs (Ficus; ca 750 species) and fig wasps (Agaoninae) are obligate mutualists: all figs are pollinated by agaonines that feed exclusively on figs. This extraordinary symbiosis is the most extreme example of specialization in a plant-pollinator interaction and has fuelled much speculation about co-divergence. The hypothesis that pollinator specialization led to the parallel diversification of f...

Field observation of water temperature in Lake Inawashiro has been carried out in 1999. Spatial variation of the temperature in the whole area of the lake can be obtained using a simple linear interpolation method, as seen in the figures. In Figs.1 and 2, strong wind from the left caused deepening of the interfacial layer on the right hand side. Subsequently, upwelling of cold water was observe...

Figs and fig pollinators have co-evolved species-specific systems of mutualism. So far, it was unknown how visual opsin genes of pollinators have evolved in the light conditions inside their host figs. We cloned intact full-length mRNA sequences of four opsin genes from a species of fig pollinator, Ceratosolen solmsi, and tested for selective pressure and expressional plasticity of these genes....