The new paradigm in monetary policymaking gives accent to central banks‘ Independence. It is widely accepted that in modern monetary policymaking, central banks have three key goals: price stability, output stability and financial stability. Recent studies on central bank independence mainly investigate the effects of central bank independence on economic stability. But the effectiveness of cen...

Within the background field formalism of quantum gravity, I show that if fluctuations are limited to diffeomorphic gauge transformations rather than physical degrees freedom, as in conventional theory, all corrections vanish on shell and effective action is equivalent classical action. In principle, resulting theory finite unitary, requires no renormalization. also this unique parameterization ...

Cognitive styles are among the dimensions of individual differences considered particularly relevant in adaptive teaching. Field dependence-independence is one of the most heuristic cognitive style constructs and has been shown consistently to determine academic results of students, regardless of their educational level or cultural origin and the area of knowledge considered. This fact has prom...

We study Witten’s open string field theory in the presence of a constant B field. We construct the string field theory in the operator formalism and find that, compared to the ordinary theory with no B field, the vertices in the resulting theory has an additional factor. The factor makes the zero modes of strings noncommutative. This is in agreement with the results in the first-quantized formu...

Regulatory independence has been proposed as a mechanism to alleviate the commitment problem associated with the sunk nature of investments in network industries. This paper summarizes the author’s and others’ work in this field (in a pause to take stock of several years of research) and, in addition, includes a new exercise that uses instrumental variables to endogenize both de jure and de fac...