Sahelian pastoralism is encountering difficult problems as population growth leads to the expansion of cropland at the expense of traditional pastures. Many analysts believe that pastoralism is bound to dis appear and is likely to be replaced by mixed crop–livestock farming systems, where livestock stay near the farms and provide milk, draft power, and manure for soil fertility (Boserup 1965; R...

Arable cropping systems have developed and continue to change in response to economic and social pressures. Concern for the state of wildlife and the quality of soil and water has led to further pressures on the way that crops are farmed. There is therefore an ongoing debate about the future of arable farming. This review summarizes current information about the impacts of arable cropping syste...

Development of alternative livelihoods has become a popular policy to uplift the socioeconomic status of small-scale fishers and to reduce fishing pressure on overexploited fisheries. Seaweed farming has been incorporated into many community-based coastal resources management projects and fisheries management initiatives as an alternative livelihood option for fishers in tropical developing cou...

Although land plays a crucially important role in economic development and structural transformation, the causes and consequences of the evolution of farming land have only been paid scant attention in recent decades. In this paper I document changes in the extent of global farming land and in average farm sizes. I show that the spatial distribution of global farming land has changed dramatical...

agricultural sustainability (as) in farming systems has turned into an extremely sensitive issue, which has attracted the attention of most researchers in recent years. the main objective of this survey research was to assess the situation with regard to different levels of farming system sustainability among wheat growing farmers in agricultural production cooperatives in fars province of iran...

Many studies have investigated the benefits of agri-environmental schemes, such as organic farming, on biodiversity conservation in annual systems, but their effectiveness in perennial systems is less well understood, particularly in bird communities in temperate regions of Asia. This study examined the effects of organic farming practices on species richness and abundance of breeding birds in ...

Over the past few decades, clearing for shrimp farming has caused severe losses of mangroves in the Mekong Delta (MD) of Vietnam. Although the increasing importance of shrimp aquaculture in Vietnam has brought significant financial benefits to the local communities, the rapid and largely uncontrolled increase in aquacultural area has contributed to a considerable loss of mangrove forests and to...

Penaeus vannamei (Pacific white legged shrimp), is an exotic shrimp species introduced to India in 2009, and is currently been extensively cultured along the Southeast coastal region of the Country. The expansion of the industry had resulted in mushrooming up of unapproved hatcheries and farms which do not implement adequate biosecurity measures or good management practices required for farming...

The level of nitrogen leaching from organic compared to conventional farming was evaluated by using a systems modelling approach. Two different methods were used for estimating and evaluating nitrate leaching. A simple function was used in which nitrate leaching is dependent on percolation, soil clay content, average nitrogen input and crop sequence. A nitrogen balance model was used to estimat...