This paper presents a summary of recent studies on external costs of energy systems, in particular the ExternE (External Costs of Energy) Project of the European Commission. To evaluate the impact and damage cost of a pollutant, one needs to carry out an impact pathway analysis; this involves the calculation of increased pollutant concentrations in all affected regions due to an incremental emi...

Yes, Lawrence DiDomenico, DPM, says technological advances with internal fixation may reduce the need for external fixation. He notes that ex-fix may not be as cost-effective as AO techniques in facilitating early weightbearing, and also cites the anesthesia risks associated with external fixation. No, George Vito, DPM, says that fixators can provide sufficient osseous stability to facilitate b...

The objective of the present study is to evaluate the cost and effectiveness of decontamination strategies in the special decontamination areas in Fukushima in regard to external radiation dose. A geographical information system (GIS) was used to relate the predicted external dose in the affected areas to the number of potential inhabitants and the land use in the areas. A comprehensive review ...

OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between the morphology of the fovea and visual acuity in patients with an untreated idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM). METHODS We examined 52 eyes of 45 patients diagnosed with an ERM. The morphology of the foveal area was determined by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The relationships between the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and...