The evidence from field studies in retail environments suggests in-store slack is part of the consumer’s purchasing budget. These funds are used as a self-control mechanism so not to exceed We propose conceptualization difference between expected cost basket and total budget allocated for present visit store. Then, we explain this composition customer’s three branches supermarket chain. Usi...

Abstract This paper considers the economic production quantity (EPQ) problem with backorder in which the setup cost, the holding cost and the backorder cost are characterized as fuzzy variables, respectively. Following expected value criterion and chance constrained criterion, a fuzzy expected value model (EVM) and a chance constrained programming (CCP) model are constructed. Then fuzzy simulat...

Intelligent agents often need to assess user utility functions in order to make decisions on their behalf, or predict their behavior. When uncertainty exists over the precise nature of this utility function, one can model this uncertainty using a distribution over utility functions. This view lies at the core of games with incomplete information and, more recently, several proposals for increme...

The special tax treatment of UK pensions means that the decision on how to use pensions assets is more involved than in other tax jurisdictions. In particular, the ability to take up to 25% of pensions assets as a tax-free cash lump sum at retirement offers retirees opportunities to enhance their pension above that possible through the purchase of a compulsory purchase annuity (“CPA”). The tax-...

We analyse a generalisation of the Quicksort algorithm, where k uniformly at random chosen pivots are used for partitioning an array of n distinct keys. Specifically, the expected cost of this scheme is obtained, under the assumption of linearity of the cost needed for the partition process. The integration constants of the expected cost are computed using Vandermonde matrices.