Astrobiology is a scientific discipline that studies life in the Universe. We call it a discipline and not a science because some authors have cast doubts over its epistemological status by calling it “a science without an object of study”. As with astrophysics, the scientific nature of astrobiology is related to historical-narrative sciences and nomothetic sciences. This discipline also integr...

feminist critical discourse analysis is an approach distinguished by its focus on revealing unequal power relations between women and men in their social life. in the present paper, it is suggested that simone de beauvoir’s theory of the formation of gender identity and female subject in the second sex provides a meaningful theoretical ground to the feminist critical discourse analysis. althoug...

the methodology and strategies of research in social sciences are of great importance and momentum. although very little attention has been paid, in the early scientific literature, to logic and methodology about generating knowledge, certain early muslim scholars such as farabi and ibn-e khaldun have made valuable conscious efforts in methodology, research techniques and scientific standards t...