D is pursued for a variety of reasons: technical, political, and financial. On the technical side, it is frequently recommended as a means to improve administrative and service delivery effectiveness. Politically, decentralization usually seeks to increase local participation and autonomy, redistribute power, and reduce ethnic and/or regional tensions. On the financial side, decentralization is...

The existence of ethnic boundaries in 20 pupils’ networks is tested by comparing the proportion of intra-ethnic to inter-ethnic relationships, while controlling for the distribution of intraand inter-ethnic dyads in pupils’ networks. Also, we tested if those boundaries are affected by the inclinations of network members in choosing intra-ethnic group relationships. We used the p2 model for each...

This article builds on Mannion and Exworthy’s account of the tensions between standardization and customization within health services to explore why these tensions exist. It highlights the limitations of explanations which root them in an expression of managerialism versus professionalism and suggests that each logic is embedded in a set of ontological, epistemological and moral commitments wh...

introduction: there are major differences in neonatal and obstetrics outcomes of labour among different ethnicities. the present study compared the neonatal and obstetrics outcomes of labour between the iranian and afghan ethnicities. methods: neonatal and obstetrics problems were evaluated in iranian and afghan pregnant women, who had referred to arash educational/treatment center for labour d...

urban design is a multidisciplinary field, consisting of both science and art. the physical aspect together with the non-physical aspects related to human – like meaning and function – along with the presence of human beings, make a successful and dynamic place to be used by people in a good way. undoubtedly, culture as a response of a society to its requirements and a means to ensure the quali...

The article focuses on ethnic removals as the aftermath of outcome World War II. removal nations Eastern Europe, especially Ukrainians and Poles, had irreversibly altered circumstances or security situation many states except Czechoslovakia. transfers inhabitants transformation frontiers where collectives originally lived were radical solutions to severe societal tensions that period. discusses...