Burnet envisaged the early presence of self-antigens in development, or ‘the history’ an animal, ablates animal's ability to immunologically respond against them. Lederberg added idea that continuous is required maintain tolerance throughout life. We refer Lederberg's proposal as ‘The Historical Postulate’. The mechanism central tolerance, now understood, consistent with Postulate. Some observa...

SARS-CoV-2 is the third pathogenic coronavirus to emerge since 2000. Experience from prior outbreaks of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV has demonstrated importance both humoral cellular immunity clinical outcome, precepts that have been recapitulated for SARS-CoV-2. Despite unprecedented rapid development deployment vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, more are needed meet global demand guard immune evasion by n...

background: recognition of helminth-derived pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps) by pattern recognition receptors (prrs), including toll like recep­tors (tlrs) is the first step towards initiating anti–helminth immune re­sponses. methods : using somatic antigens of ostertagia occidentalis, an important abomasal parasite of ruminants, the expression of ovine tlr2 and tlr4 in peripheral...

ABSTRACT: The aims of this study were: 1) determine total specific IgG and subisotypes in serum colostrum pregnant mares vaccinated against Theileria equi Streptococcus subspecies equi; 2) foals born from these mares. In mares, the highest value for T. was at 335 days gestation declining 30 postpartum, while S. 328 remaining high up to postpartum. Transfer passive immunity both antigens observe...

As professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) capable of eliciting primary immune responses among naïve T cells, dendritic (DCs) offer an attractive target for intervention. While some strategies vaccination have sought to deliver antigens direct DCs in vivo, others pulsed DCs with antigens ex vivo prior administration. Indeed, numerous clinical studies cancer...

Background: Hydatid cyst is the larval stage of the tape worm parasite, Echinococcus granulosus. Human is infected by ingestion of parasite ova excreted in dog feces. The anticancer activity of different antigens of hydatid cyst has been reported in the previous works. In this research, the role of immune system in induction of this anticancer activity has been investigated.Materials and Method...