The tremendous interest in enzymes as biocatalysts has led to extensive work in enzyme engineering, as well as associated methodology development. Here, a new framework for computer-aided directed evolution of enzymes (CADEE) is presented which allows a drastic reduction in the time necessary to prepare and analyze in silico semi-automated directed evolution of enzymes. A pedagogical example of...

Can evolution demonstrate some of the properties of creativity? This paper argues that it can, and provides examples which the author feels illustrate some of the awesome power and feats of design which resemble creativity. Is evolution, then, truly creative? This is clearly a much harder question, for it requires a definition of creativity – that most subjective and controversial of words. Thi...

Evolution equations for parton distributions can be approximately diagonalized and solved in moment space without assuming any knowledge of the parton distribution in the region of small x. The evolution algorithm for truncated moments is simple and rapidly converging. Examples of applications are outlined.

The small-xB deep inelastic scattering in the saturation region is governed by the non-linear evolution of Wilson-line operators. In the leading logarithmic approximation it is given by the BK equation for the evolution of color dipoles. I discuss recent calculation of the next-to-leading order evolution of color dipoles in QCD and N = 4 SYM.

The coopetition literature argues that coopetition is a dynamic relation that evolves over time but there is a gap when it comes to the understanding of this evolution. The aim of this paper is to investigate, via longitudinal cases studies, the evolution of coopetition relationships and its management at the inter-organizational level. Through multiple cases studies in the same industry (the F...

The phenomenological theory of elastic–plastic response is reconsidered in the light of recent opinion regarding the constitutive character of the constituent elastic and plastic deformations. The primary role of dissipation in the physics of plastic evolution is emphasized and shown to lead to the clarification of a number of open questions. Particular attention is given to the invariance prop...

Studies of industry evolution are relatively scarce outside of industries defined by narrow technological bases. Studies of wholesaling are rarer still. These are curious features given that it is probable that service industries behave differently to manufacturing ones and that wholesaling is such a key function of many economies. This paper looks at the evolution of grocery wholesaling and gr...