The immune microenvironment is considered a major obstacle to generating an effective antitumor immune response. Checkpoint inhibitors manipulate the co-stimulatory response between antigen-presenting cells and immune cells-or between the tumor and immune cells-to elicit an antitumor immune response that would have otherwise been suppressed. Checkpoint inhibitors have shown great promise in the...

The two distinct tearing mechanisms observed in ductile metal plates are the void-by-void advance of crack tip, and simultaneous interaction multiple voids on plane ahead tip. Void-by-void advance, which leads to a cup-cup surface morphology, is dominant mechanism if plate contains low number small void nucleation sites (i.e., second phase particles). Conversely, large and/or size trigger resul...

in various legal systems, with adoption of the validity of exclusion clause as a rule, in the exceptional instances for the reason of social importance of the matter and contrary to the public policy, exclusion clause is void. thus, in the case of death; bodily injuries; deliberated breach of contract or legal duty ;gross negligence and deception imputed to party relying to exclusion clause, it...

Subchondral insufficiency fracture of the femoral head (SIFFH) is characterized by acute onset hip pain without overt trauma. It appears as a low intensity band with bone marrow edema on T1-weighted MRI. The most common course of treatment is protected weight bearing for a period of several weeks. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) has been commonly used if the patient does not respond to the initial...

Electromigration driven void dynamics plays an important role in the reliability of copper interconnects; a proper understanding of which is made more difficult due to local variations in line microstructure. In simulations, the parameter which best incorporates these variations is the effective atomic diffusivity D eff which is sensitive to grain size and orientation, interface layer thickness...