Estrogens are female sex hormones, belonging to a group of steroid hormones, derivatives of cholesterol. These hormones can be divided in terms of origin: natural and synthetic. Biologically, the most active is estradiol (E2). Estrogens are responsible for the development of tertiary sexual characteristics and a number of metabolic processes. In our environment there are many substances, metals...

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) has been found to be oxidized in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells by prostaglandin-H synthase (PGH synthase). It is hypothesized that PGH synthase mediates adverse effects of DES and other carcinogenic estrogens such as induction of neoplastic transformation and genotoxicity. Interest in PGH synthase-catalyzed reactions focuses on two aspects: oxidation and metabolic a...

Gynecomastia, cutaneous spider nevi, testicular atrophy, and loss of libido are frequently found in men with chronic liver disease. The clinical aspects of the subject have recently been reviewed (1). On the basis of studies of urinary estrogen excretion (2), these changes have been attributed to increased levels of estrogens, particularly unconjugated estrogens presumably resulting from decrea...

Long-term estrogen deficiency increases the risk of obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Menopausal hormone therapy containing estrogens might prevent these conditions, but its prolonged use increases the risk of breast cancer, as wells as endometrial cancer if used without progestins. Animal studies indicate that beneficial effects of estrogens in adipose tissue an...

Difficulties encountered in the chemical estimation of estrogens in urine and in plasma are caused principally by the low concentrations of estrogen frequently found in these fluids, by the presence of large amounts of interfering material, and by the lack of specificity of available methods for the quantitative estimation of the estrogens. In these circumstances, it is apparent that, unless ad...

The clinical utility of estrogens for treating prostate cancer (CaP) was established in the 1940s by Huggins. The classic model of the anti-CaP activity of estrogens postulates an indirect mechanism involving the suppression of androgen production. However, clinical and preclinical studies have shown that estrogens exert growth-inhibitory effects on CaP under low-androgen conditions, suggesting...

Abstract Introduction Postmenopausal women are particularly vulnerable to metabolic dysfunction. Compelling evidence suggests that this is due their lacking the protective effect of estrogens. We have shown circulating estrogens regulate daily eating and sleep-activity rhythms in female mice protect them from obesity diabetes. However, few studies investigated whether postmenopausal disrupted c...

Sex hormones strongly influence body fat distribution and adipocyte differentiation. Estrogens and testosterone differentially affect adipocyte physiology, but the importance of estrogens in the development of metabolic diseases during menopause is disputed. Estrogens and estrogen receptors regulate various aspects of glucose and lipid metabolism. Disturbances of this metabolic signal lead to t...

This study investigated the occurrence and contamination risk of estrogens in livestock manure in Jiangsu Province, China. Four estrogens-estriol (E3), 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), bisphenol A (BPA), and 17α-ethinyloestradiol (EE2)-were detected in livestock manure from hens, ducks, swine, and cows. The respective mean concentrations of each estrogen found in these manures were 289.8, 334.1, 330.3, ...