Lichens are a key component of forest biodiversity. However, a comprehensive study analyzing lichen species richness in relation to several management types, extending over different regions and forest stages and including information on site conditions is missing for temperate European forests. In three German regions (Schwäbische Alb, Hainich-Dün, Schorfheide-Chorin), the so-called Biodiversi...

this paper portrays for the design of an area efficient 4×4 Vedic Multiplier by using Vedic Mathematics algorithms. Out of the 16 sutras the Urdhva -Tiryakbhyam sutra is being discussed and implemented because this sutra is applicable to all cases of algorithm for n×n bit numbers and gives minimum delay for multiplication of all types of numbers. The complete multiplier is designed using VHDL l...

Mathematics represents a high level of abstraction attained by the human mind. In India, Mathematics has its roots in Vedic literature which is nearly 4000 years old. Between 1000 B.C. and 1000 A.D. various treatises on Mathematics were authored by Indian mathematicians in which were set forth for the first time, the concept of zero, the techniques of Algebra and algorithm, square root and cube...

This paper presents VLSI architecture for lifting based 2D DWT architecture with reduced delay. The proposed structure offers high speed and high area efficiency. Fast computation is achieved by replacing conventional multiplier units of DWT architecture with Vedic multiplier. Three sutras of Vedic multiplication are employed to reduce logic shifting operations of multiplier units and so high s...

The earliest more or less datable events in South Asia’s cultural history, the deathof the Buddha and the composition of Pāṇini’s grammar – respectively five andfour centuries before the beginning of the common era – antedate with one to twocenturies the start of a slow and hesitant shift from orality to the writtentransmission of sacred and literary texts in South Asia. Wit...

Vedic mathematics is the system of mathematics followed in ancient Indian and it is applied in various mathematical branches. The word “Vedic” represents the storehouse of all knowledge. Because using Vedic Mathematics, the arithmetical problems are solved easily. The mathematical algorithms are formed from 16 sutras and 13 up-sutras. But there are some limitations in each sutra. Here, two sutr...

This paper proposed the design of high speed Vedic Multiplier using the techniques of Ancient Indian Vedic Mathematics that have been modified to improve performance. Vedic Mathematics is the ancient system of mathematics which has a unique technique of calculations based on 16 Sutras. The work has proved the efficiency of Urdhva Triyagbhyam– Vedic method for multiplication which strikes a diff...