This study examines the tax reductions that occurred during Koryŏ Dynasty. First, while reviewing historical sources for reduction and exemption, terms <i>kyŏn</i> (蠲), <i>kam</i> (減), <i>myŏn</i> (免), <i>pang</i> (放), <i>kyŏnmyŏn</i> (蠲免) accounted 90% of instances implied “to exempt” not relieve.” Second, reporting procedure exemptio...

For societies with writing systems, hereditary leadership is documented as one of the hallmarks of early political complexity and governance. In contrast, it is unknown whether hereditary succession played a role in the early formation of prehistoric complex societies that lacked writing. Here we use an archaeogenomic approach to identify an elite matriline that persisted between 800 and 1130 C...

provincials who time and time again saved their ancient land from ruin and injected new vigor into a civilization grown tired and an art grown smug and empty with the passing centuries. The new dynasty established its seat of government near Memphis, a center which still clung to the serene artistic traditions of the Old Kingdom, dead and gone for over two hundred years. Although the newcomers ...

This essay engages with Ali Shariati’s lecture “Some of the Vanguard Return to Self in Third World” explore his conception “Third as a cultural, psychic, and politico-economic project which Iran would be an integral part, relationship intellectual contributions Frantz Fanon, whose translation critical reception proved considerable importance ideological development popular-nationalist avowedly ...

This paper investigates 252 traditional villages in Hunan, China, and uses ArcGIS Geodetector to analyze village expansion land exploitation from the Yuan dynasty Qing caused by factors such as migration during China’s middle late imperial periods. article demonstrates development of earlier settlers ancient Chinese shows progression easily exploited flatlands more difficult-to-exploit mountain...

The history of the caliphate after death Prophet Muhammad from time to has same pattern starting phases development, formation, coaching, glory, decline and destruction. This study aims determine Khulafaur Rashidun dynasty SAW. used qualitative research methods. data collection technique was carried out by means a literature through exploration journals other information relevant study. results...