Test washback is held to be complex and multifaceted in that a host of cultural, social, individual, test, and institutional factors are involved in shaping it. Thus far, the majority of washback studies have had as their focus the role of teachers in test washback or washback to teachers. How educational environments or institutions might function in isolation or in interaction with other fact...

introduction: micap is a new notation in which the teeth are indicated by letters (i-incisor, c-canine, p-premolar, m-molar) and numbers [1,2,3] which are written superscript and subscript on the relevant letters. fdi tooth notation is a two digit system where one digit shows quadrant and the second one shows the tooth of the quadrant. this study aimed to compare the short term retention of kno...

pistacia vera l., a member of anacardiaceae family, has been used for sedation and analgesia in traditional medicine. in this study, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects as well as acute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of p. vera leaves were investigated in mice. the antinociceptive activity was studied using hot plate and writhing tests. the effect of the extracts a...

purpose : to assess the results of 1-minute and 5-minute schirmer's test (st) when the eyes are open (sto) and closed (stc) in normal participants. methods : in a comparative, observational case series study, 34 normal volunteers were included in the study. inclusion criteria were normal ophthalmologic findings except for refractive errors, no use of contact lenses, no history of previous ...

Research by psychologists in the late 1990s has shown that older people have significant needs cannot be met psychotherapy, social work or other areas of help, as face meaning, dignity, religion, love necessity, morality, death and existential issues (Erichsen, Buessing, 2013). Most often, professionals working with elderly noticed a problem loneliness caused self-alienation self rejection (Mou...