Singularities of thermodynamic quantities in equilibrium critical phenomena are characterized by well defined critical exponents. The set of critical exponents determine the universality class of a system in the thermodynamic limit. In numerical simulations, the results are very often limited by the finite system size L. There is rounding and shifting of critical singularities in finite systems...

The traditional theory for binary homogeneous nucleation follows the classical derivation of the nucleation rate in the supposition of a hypothetical constrained-equilibrium distribution in the calculation of the cluster evaporation rate. This model enables calculation of the nucleation rate, but requires evaluation of the cluster distribution and cluster properties for an unstable equilibrium ...

A simple model of the kinetics of protein folding is presented. The reaction coordinate is the "correctness" of a configuration compared with the native state. The model has a gap in the energy spectrum, a large configurational entropy, a free energy barrier between folded and partially folded states, and a good thermodynamic folding transition. Folding kinetics is described by a master equatio...

A fluctuation theorem is derived for stochastic nonequilibrium reactions ruled by the chemical master equation. The theorem is expressed in terms of the generating and large-deviation functions characterizing the fluctuations of a quantity which measures the loss of detailed balance out of thermodynamic equilibrium. The relationship to entropy production is established and discussed. The fluctu...

In a classic paper, Morduchow and Libby use an analytic solution for the profile of a Navier–Stokes shock to show that the equilibrium thermodynamic entropy has a maximum inside the shock. There is no general nonequilibrium thermodynamic formulation of entropy; the extension of equilibrium theory to nonequililbrium processes is usually made through the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibr...

We study a paradigmatic system with long-range interactions: the Hamiltonian mean-field (HMF) model. It is shown that in the thermodynamic limit this model does not relax to the usual equilibrium Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Instead, the final stationary state has a peculiar core-halo structure. In the thermodynamic limit, HMF is neither ergodic nor mixing. Nevertheless, we find that using d...

A cell signaling system is in a non-equilibrium state, and it includes multistep biochemical signaling cascades (BSCs), which involve phosphorylation of signaling molecules, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In this study, the author considered signal transduction description using information thermodynamic theory. The ideal BSCs can be considered one type of the Szilard...

cationic copolymer gels of acrylamide and [(methacrylamido) propyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride (maptac) were synthesized by free radical aqueous solution polymerization. the taguchi method, a robust experimental design, was employed for the optimization of the synthesis based on the equilibrium swelling capacity of the hydrogels. based on taguchi method a standard l16 orthogonal array with fiv...

This study concerns the performance of cocoons spun by silk worms as a natural ‎adsorbent for removal of Methylene Blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. To study the adsorption ‎process, the effect of various parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dosage, dye initial ‎concentration, and pH of the solution were investigated. According to the experiments, the kinetic ‎data were best described by ...

The "dynamic exchange" model of ion association proposed by Watanabe and Hamaguchi, [J. Chem. Phys.123, 034508 (2005)] for aqueous solutions of MgSO4 is shown to be inconsistent with the extensive information available from Raman, relaxation, and thermodynamic studies, all of which can be explained by the Eigen equilibrium model.