The leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases widespread throughout the globe, which are caused by protozoans from the genus Leishmania and are transmitted by infected phlebotomine flies. The development of a safe and effective vaccine against these diseases has been seen as the best alternative to control and reduce the number of cases. To support vaccine development, this work has applied...

Mucins are among the best described human tumor-associated antigens. At least 73 tumor-reactive anti-mucin antibodies have been described; in addition, we have previously demonstrated the existence of tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes on the mucin produced by breast and pancreatic tumors. To determine whether the appearance of tumor-associated mucin epitopes can be explained by alt...

The orientation of cytochrome bs in the thylakoid membrane and the question of whether the number of membrane spanning helices is an even or odd number was tested through the relative trypsin susceptibility of epitopes (Asp-5 to Gln-14) and (Ile-205 to Leu-214) at the NH2 and COOH termini, respectively, of the 214residue cytochrome be polypeptide. A structure of the cytochrome with an even numb...

Evidence obtained from both animal models and humans suggests that T cells specific for HSV-1 and HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD) contribute to protective immunity against herpes infection. However, knowledge of gD-specific human T cell responses is limited to CD4+ T cell epitopes, with no CD8+ T cell epitopes identified to date. In this study, we screened the HSV-1 gD amino acid sequence for HLA-A*0...

Currently available commercial vaccines against porcine circovirus strain 2 (PCV2) solely target the PCV2a genotype. While PCV2 vaccines are highly effective in preventing clinical signs, PCV2b has dominated over the PCV2a genotype in prevalence, corresponding with the introduction of PCV2a vaccines. A recently emerged PCV2b recombinant with an additional amino acid in the capsid protein, desig...

Numerous broadly neutralizing antibodies (Abs) target epitopes that are formed or enhanced during mature HIV envelope formation (i.e. quaternary epitopes). Generally, it is thought that Env epitopes that induce broadly neutralizing Abs are difficult to access and poorly immunogenic because of the characteristic oligomerization, conformational flexibility, sequence diversity and extensive glycos...

Monoclonal antibodies produced against chondroitinase-treated human adult cartilage proteoglycans were selected for their ability to recognize epitopes on native proteoglycans. Binding analyses revealed that four of these monoclonal antibodies (BCD-4, BCD-7, EFG-4 and KPC-190) each recognized a different epitope on the same proteoglycan molecule which represents a subpopulation of a high buoyan...

• Current two important SARS-CoV-2 variants are D614 G and N501Y. They cause S1 of the spike protein to open conformation. Open conformation may increase transmissibility virus. also immunogenicity epitopes.

shigella and escherichia belong to the enterobacteriaceae family which are the cause for most of the diarrheal cases in the world. shigella can cause bacterial dysenteries and shigellosis. one of the most effective proteins for pathogenesis is invasion plasmid antigen c (ipac). other bacteria like enterotoxogenic (etec), enterohemorrhagic (ehec), and e.coli can also cause diarrhea and produce i...