Korean has some nouns which are used for expressing ability, possibility and necessity, such as swu (‘ability/possibility’), li (‘(circumstantial) possibility’), and philyo (‘necessity’). As with modal expressions familiar from other languages, for example English can, swu allows both dynamic (ability) and epistemic (possibility) interpretations. In contrast, li only has an epistemic interpreta...

BAN logic is a propositional logic of knowledge for the verification of cryptographic protocols. While BAN logic has been successful from a practical point of view, the semantics of the epistemic (knowledge) modality is unclear. Several Kripke semantics have been proposed, but they do not attempt at anything beyond a soundness result. Completeness is prevented by the so called logical omniscien...

In this commentary, I address two aspects of Broekhuis and Verkuyl’s (2013) paper Binary Tense and Modality, pertaining to the analysis of the present and the future. Broekhuis and Verkuyl propose an analysis of the morphological present in Dutch as a prospective interval allowing reference to times after the speech time. This renders the Dutch auxiliary zullen redundant as a future marker—and ...

This paper argues that evidential clitics in St’át’imcets (a.k.a. Lillooet; Northern Interior Salish) introduce quantification over possible worlds and must be analyzed as epistemic modals. We thus add to the growing body of evidence suggesting that the functions of encoding information source and encoding epistemic modality are not necessarily distinct. However, St’át’imcets evidentials differ...

this paper compares epistemic virtue from the viewpoints of zagzebski and mulla sadra, aiming to determine the extent to which their viewpoints on epistemic virtue are similar. zagzebski, the contemporary philosopher, considers epistemic virtue as the basis on which knowledge is interpreted. she sees epistemic virtue as a requirement for achieving knowledge. mulla sadra, the founder of transcen...

We investigate modal logics of high probability having two unary modal operators: an operator K expressing probabilistic certainty and an operator B expressing probability exceeding a fixed rational threshold c ≥ 1 2 . Identifying knowledge with the former and belief with the latter, we may think of c as the agent’s betting threshold, which leads to the motto “belief is willingness to bet.” The...

This research focuses on the problem of correlation between discursive modality and illocutionary force - with substantiating variations in as a pragmatic basis for scale-paradigm deontic modality, influencing binding international instruments. Guided by criterion explicitness implicitness markers, well their localization performative or propositional part, paper categorizes five classes commis...

Anti-realist epistemic conceptions of truth imply what is called the knowability principle: All truths are possibly known. The principle can be formalized in a bimodal propositional logic, with an alethic modality ♦ and an epistemic modality K, by the axiom scheme A ⊃ ♦KA (KP). The use of classical logic and minimal assumptions about the two modalities lead to the paradoxical conclusion that al...