Multiple infections are known to affect virulence evolution. Some studies even show that coinfections may decrease the overall virulence (the disease-induced mortality of a coinfected host). Yet, epidemiological studies tend to overlook the overall virulence, and within-host models tend to ignore epidemiological processes. Here, I develop an epidemiological model where overall virulence is an e...

To better understand the mechanisms involved in the dynamics of Johne's disease in dairy cattle, this paper illustrates a novel way to link a within-host model for Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis with an epidemiological model. The underlying variable in the within-host model is the time since infection. Two compartments, infected macrophages and T cells, of the within-host model feed ...

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an emerging global threat to public health. Objectives: This study examined the epidemiological and clinical characteristics death-related factors of COVID-19 in inpatients Zahedan, Iran. Methods: multicenter included all patients admitted Zahedan hospitals within February April 2020. Demographic, epidemiological, were extracted fr...

background: multiple sclerosis (ms) is the most common demyelinating and inflammatory disease of the central nevus system especially in young adults, but in a subgroup of patients the first clinical symptoms present after the age of 50. this clinical presentation is defined as late-onset multiple sclerosis (loms). the incidence and prevalence of ms including loms vary geographically. the aim of...

abstract: introduction: psychiatric disorder is a disease in which patients suffer from emotional problems that these are visible in all aspect of patient’s life. studies show that there is a major difference between the prevalence of this disease in different countries and also show that this disorder is increasing. the aim of this study is to find the possible relationship between psychiatric...