The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant mechanisms of red ginseng essential oil (REO) in cells as well as in an animal model. REO was prepared by a supercritical CO(2) extraction of waste-products generated after hot water extraction of red ginseng. In HepG2 cells, REO diminished the H(2)O(2)-mediated oxidative stress and also restored both the activity and expression of antioxida...

Bioactive peptides showing Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme inhibitory (ACEi) activity can control blood pressure. They be produced from various protein sources, including fish gelatin. This article provides a systematic review and meta-analysis on gelatin extraction, conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis, characteristics ACEi peptides, effect hydrolysis procedure peptides. Fish preparation uses so...

Alzheimer?s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative leading to irreversible neuronal damage. Kanuka or Kunzea ericoides (A. Richard) revealed remarkable inhibition of ?-secretase activity, an important enzyme for AD. This study presents optimization the ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) inhibitors and antioxidants from K. leaves, yield by response surface methodology (RSM). Experimental validati...

The kinetics of the potassium thiocyanate transport mediated by dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 (L) through a bulk liquid membrane is studied experimentally and theoretically. The proposed model is based on the assumption of a pure diffusion of the complex salt [K·L]+SCN¯ through the liquid membrane stagnant films at the interfaces. It illustrates the ...

This chapter aims to highlight the difficulties encountered during the purification of native cellular and membrane-bound enzymes from whole cell extracts. There are many reasons for wanting to purify enzymes, such as to fully characterize them or to mass produce them for commercial purposes. Regardless of the reason for wanting to purify an enzyme, the general extraction and purification proce...

Recently we reported that freeze-drying or centrifugation reactivated preparations of reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidase or reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide-cytochrome c reductase which had been previously inactivated by extraction with isooctane (1). Homogenization of the enzyme preparations with small quantities of isooctane also inhibited these enzyme systems. The inhibited pre...

Introduction of ?-N-methylated non-proteinogenic amino acids into peptides can improve their biological activities, membrane permeability and proteolytic stability. This is commonly achieved, in nature the lab, by assembling pre-methylated acids. The more appealing route methylating amide bonds challenging. Biology has evolved an ?-N-automethylating enzyme, OphMA, which acts on fused to its C-t...

Using Caco-2 cell monolayers expressing CYP3A4, we investigated the interplay between metabolism and transport on the first-pass intestinal extraction of the immunosuppressant sirolimus, a CYP3A4/P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate. Modified Caco-2 cells metabolized [(14)C]sirolimus to the predicted amounts of CYP3A4-mediated products based on CYP3A4 content, which was approximately 20% of that mea...

Extraction of protease from a local ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. Bentong) was carried out. The effect of extraction pH (6.4, 6.8, 7.0, 7.2, 7.6, 8.0, 8.4, and 8.8) and stabilizers (0.2% ascorbic acid, 0.2% ascorbic acid and 5 mM EDTA, or 10 mM cysteine and 5 mM EDTA) on protease activity during extraction was examined. pH 7.0 potassium phosphate buffer and 10 mM cysteine in combinat...