this paper proposes per unit coding for combined economic emission load dispatch problem. in the proposed coding, it is possible to apply the percent effects of elements in any number and with high accuracy in objective function. in the proposed per unit coding, each function is transformed into per unit form based on its own maximum value and has a value from 0 to 1. in this paper, particle sw...

Energy is one of the most important inputs in production. Energy usage and energy diffusion of fossil fuels in process of production cause greenhouse gases (CO2) emission and destruction of environment. According to the importance of issues like energy usage and economic growth, this paper, concerning the effects of proximity, evaluates the effects of energy usage and economic growth on emissio...

The current regulated particle metric in vehicle emissions is the total mass, while during last decade interest in number size distribution has increased. Various international studies on epidemiology and toxicology have reported the adverse effect of the particle matter on public health. The UNECE group of experts on pollution and energy (GRPE) under particle measurement program (PMP) are u...

tm3+, yb3+ and tm3+/yb3+ doped lavo4 nanostructures were synthe-sized for the first time by using the hydrothermal method with the aid of la(ch3co2)3 as  lanthanum source in presence of oleic acid as surfactant. the products were characterized by x-ray diffraction (xrd), scanning electron microscopy (sem), transmission electron microscopy (tem), photoluminescence (pl) spectroscopy and uv–vis di...

This article discusses details study on crystallization , optical properties of Li-Al-Si-La glass containing nanocrystalline LaF3.and their optical energy gaps. The Urbach energy of glass samples was evaluated. By using (2% mole) Tb the green–blue range emission occurred, while by accumulation 1% mole Gd beside Tb, the indigo emission intensity (418 to 441 nm) increased.

In this study, tomato seed oil was used to produce Biodiesel fuel. To reduce the percentage of free fatty acids, the oil was reacted at a temperature of 40, 50, and 60°C with a mixture of sulphuric acid and the industrial methanol with different molar ratios of oil. The best conversion efficiency was achieved at 60°C and a molar ratio of 1:9. In the transesterification step, biodiesel was produ...

introduction: tinnitus is a perception of sound without external source. the exact etiology of tinnitus is not fully understood, although some researchers believe that the condition usually starts in the cochlea. the aim of this study was to determine the potential contribution of outer hair cell dysfunction to chronic tinnitus, by application of distortion-product evoked otoacoustic emission (...